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The time period of the Republic of China between the retreat of the Kuomintang to the island of Taiwan and the repeal of martial law in 1991 was characterized by rule under an authoritarian one-party state as shaped by Chiang Kai-shek. The era began after, in the wake of World War II, the Chinese Civil War restarted and Mao Zedong's communist forces drove nationalist forces out of the mainland, whence they retreated to controlling Taiwan and a few other islands, including, until 1950, Hainan. Despite their retreat, they continued to claim sovereignty over the mainland and maintained their previous territorial claims; they continued to enjoy some international recognition as the legitimate government of China, maintaining their seat in the United Nations until 1971. Chiang's government, however, was unpopular among ethnic Chinese who had migrated prior to the retreat (and their descendants),[lower-alpha 1] especially in the wake of the February 28 incident, wherein the Kuomintang government violently ended unrest among said citizens due to pro-mainland economic policies, leading to ethnic tensions. Eventually, the prospect of retaking the mainland became unlikely, and focus shifted to improving conditions in Taiwan, allowing for economic development in particular. In 1975, Chiang Kai-shek died. He was succeeded, by 1978, by his son, Chiang Ching-kuo. Under the younger Chiang's administration the government gradually reformed and allowed the once-suppressed Tangwai movement to emerge, leading to the end of the authoritarian era by the early 1990s.
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Republic of China
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1949-1991 | |||||||||
Anthem: 中華民國國歌 Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guógē "National Anthem of the Republic of China" | |||||||||
Capital | Taipei (de facto)[a] | ||||||||
Official languages | Standard Chinese | ||||||||
Ethnic groups | See Ethnic groups in Taiwan | ||||||||
Religion | See Religion in Taiwan | ||||||||
Demonym(s) | Taiwanese | ||||||||
Government | Unitary parliamentary republic under martial law; de facto one-party state | ||||||||
President | |||||||||
• 1948-1950 | Li Zongren (acting) | ||||||||
• 1950-1975 | Chiang Kai-shek | ||||||||
• 1975-1978 | Yen Chia-kan | ||||||||
• 1978-1988 | Chiang Ching-kuo | ||||||||
• 1988-2000 | Lee Teng-hui | ||||||||
Premier | |||||||||
• 1949-1950 | Yan Xishan (first) | ||||||||
• 1990-1993 | Hau Pei-tsun (last) | ||||||||
Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||
Control Yuan | |||||||||
Legislative Yuan | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
7 December 1949 | |||||||||
• Death of Chiang Kai-shek | 5 April 1975 | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | TW | ||||||||
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