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Turpentine
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Chemical structure of pinene, a major component of turpentine | |
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Appearance | Viscous liquid[1] |
Odor | Resinous[1] |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Turpentine (also called Chian ,Scio, Cyprian )[3]Impulsive powerful gum turpentine oil naturally derived from live pine trees: has been for decades. After a long and through distillation process its ready for use. Mainly used a solvent in paint, history and research shows it also has health benefits and can be used a medicine. Turpentine is an antiseptic, and it has a strong odor and a terrible taste.[4]It has a distinct sandalwood odor it is known to perfumers as Osyrol. Oleoresin is another word used but is gum turpentine. Longleaf pine is a term used to describe pinus palustris and other pinus species; they all fall under the same the category of were turpentine can be distilled from. There three different forms of turpentine gum, wood, and sulfate. Wood turpentine is attained by extraction of virgin pine stumps from which the sapwood has rotted away.
One of the earliest sources was the terebinth or turpentine tree (Pistacia terebinthus), a Mediterranean tree related to the pistachio. Important pines for turpentine production include: maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), Masson's pine (Pinus massoniana), Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa).
Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a turpentine which is made from the oleoresin of the balsam fir. Venice turpentine is produced from the western larch Larix occidentalis.
To tap into the sap producing layers of the tree, turpentiners used a combination of hacks to remove the pine bark. Once debarked, pine trees secrete oleoresin onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and insects, and prevent vital sap loss. Turpentiners wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks to channel the oleoresin into containers. It was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. Oleoresin yield may be increased by as much as 40% by applying paraquat herbicides to the exposed wood.[5]
The V-shaped cuts are called "catfaces" for their resemblance to a cat's whiskers. These marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production.[6]