User:Mr1Coolguy/sandbox

Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2023 to elect the members of the House of Representatives.^[1][2] The elections had been expected to be held in 2025 but a snap election was called after the fourth Rutte cabinet collapsed on 7 July 2023 due to immigration policy disagreements between the coalition parties.^[3] The incumbent prime minister Mark Rutte announced that he would not lead his party into the election and that he would retire from politics.^[4]

Mr1Coolguy/sandbox

← 2021 22 November 2023 Next →
All 150 seats in the House of Representatives 76 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	77.75% ( 0.96pp)
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/– PVV Geert Wilders 23.49 37 +20 GL/PvdA Frans Timmermans 15.75 25 +8 VVD Dilan Yeşilgöz 15.24 24 −10 NSC Pieter Omtzigt 12.88 20 New D66 Rob Jetten 6.29 9 −15 BBB Caroline van der Plas 4.65 7 +6 CDA Henri Bontenbal 3.31 5 −10 SP Lilian Marijnissen 3.15 5 −4 Denk Stephan van Baarle 2.37 3 0 PvdD Esther Ouwehand 2.25 3 −3 FvD Thierry Baudet 2.23 3 −5 SGP Chris Stoffer 2.08 3 0 CU Mirjam Bikker 2.04 3 −2 Volt Laurens Dassen 1.71 2 −1 JA21 Joost Eerdmans 0.68 1 −2 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Map of most-voted party by municipality Cabinet before Cabinet after Fourth Rutte cabinet VVD–D66–CDA–CU TBD

In what was described as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",^[5] the right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV), led by Geert Wilders, won 37 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives, becoming the largest party for the first time.^[5][6][7] All four parties of the incumbent coalition government suffered losses.^[8]

After the election, a cabinet formation started to determine which parties will form the coalition government.

Background

The 2021 Dutch general election resulted in the formation of the fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of a coalition of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Democrats 66 (D66), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Christian Union (CU). Mark Rutte, leader of VVD, continued in his role as prime minister.^[9]

Since 2019, the government has had the intention to limit the human impact on the nitrogen cycle. Its nitrogen bill has met resistance from several opposition parties including the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB), which was founded in 2019 and entered the House of Representatives with one seat in 2021. The 2023 Dutch provincial elections, which were won by the BBB, led to heavy losses for the ruling coalition. Since the provincial councils indirectly elect the Dutch Senate,^[10] it meant that the ruling coalition had to face more difficulty passing legislation.^[11]

The government resigned on 7 July 2023 after the four parties failed to agree on a proposed limitation of family reunification for refugees fleeing armed conflict.^[3][12] The coalition government led by Mark Rutte collapsed ahead of the anticipated November elections due to irreconcilable disagreements on migration issues.^[13] The dispute arose from Rutte's proposal to tighten restrictions on the reunification of asylum seekers' families, aiming to reduce the number of migrants following a previous scandal involving overcrowded migration centers. CDA supported Rutte's proposal, while the opposition of CU and D66 led to a breakdown in negotiations. The parties decided unanimously that they could not remain together in the coalition.^{[14][15][16][17]} The king asked that the prime minister and his government continue to carry out their duties in a caretaker capacity.^[18] This could have been seen as a move by Rutte to keep migration on the center stage as his party was disunited on his nitrogen policies.^[19]

Leadership changes

On 10 July 2023 Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced he would not run again as lead candidate for the VVD, and leave politics when a new cabinet would be sworn in. Other party leaders and parliamentary leaders also announced they would not return, including Sigrid Kaag (D66), Wopke Hoekstra, Pieter Heerma (both CDA),^[20] Attje Kuiken (PvdA),^[21] Kees van der Staaij (SGP),^[22] Farid Azarkan (DENK),^[23] Liane den Haan (independent),^[24] Nilüfer Gündoğan (independent),^[25] and Sylvana Simons (BIJ1).^[26] Jesse Klaver announced that, although he wanted to continue as member of parliament, he would not be candidate for leader of the Labour Party–GroenLinks alliance. Additionally, Vera Bergkamp, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, did not stand for reelection.^[27]

Electoral system

Main article: Elections in the Netherlands

Ballot of the 2023 Dutch general election

Pursuant to articles C.1, C.2 and C.3 of the electoral law, elections for the House of Representatives take place every four years in March, unless a snap election is called. The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by open list proportional representation. The number of seats per list is determined using the D'Hondt method. A list must receive a number of votes equal to or exceeding the Hare quota (1 full seat) in order to qualify for seat distribution, meaning there is an electoral threshold of 0.67%.^[28] Voters have the option to cast a preferential vote. The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively 1/4 of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list. If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received. Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.^[29][30]

Political parties and lead candidates

The following parties participated in the election and were on the ballot:

List	Party			Main ideology	Lead candidate	2021 result	Districts	Ref.
1		People's Party for Freedom and Democracy	VVD	Conservative liberalism	Dilan Yeşilgöz	21.87% (34 seats)	20	[31]
2		Democrats 66	D66	Social liberalism	Rob Jetten	15.02% (24 seats)	20	[32]
3		GroenLinks–PvdA GreenLeft Labour Party	GL/PvdA	Social democracy, green politics	Frans Timmermans	10.88% (17 seats)[a]	20	[33][34]
4		Party for Freedom	PVV	Nationalism, right-wing populism	Geert Wilders	10.79% (17 seats)	20	[35]
5		Christian Democratic Appeal	CDA	Christian democracy	Henri Bontenbal	9.50% (15 seats)	20	[36][37]
6		Socialist Party	SP	Democratic socialism, left-wing populism	Lilian Marijnissen	5.98% (9 seats)	20	[38]
7		Forum for Democracy	FVD	National conservatism, right-wing populism	Thierry Baudet	5.02% (8 seats)	20	[39]
8		Party for the Animals	PvdD	Environmentalism, Animal rights advocacy	Esther Ouwehand	3.84% (6 seats)	20	[40]
9		Christian Union	CU	Christian democracy	Mirjam Bikker	3.37% (5 seats)	20	[41]
10		Volt Netherlands	Volt	Eurofederalism	Laurens Dassen	2.42% (3 seats)	20	[42][43]
11		JA21	JA21	Conservative liberalism, right-wing populism	Joost Eerdmans	2.37% (3 seats)	20	[44]
12		Reformed Political Party	SGP	Christian right	Chris Stoffer	2.07% (3 seats)	20	[45]
13		DENK	DENK	Minority interests	Stephan van Baarle	2.03% (3 seats)	20	[46]
14		50PLUS	50+	Pensioners' interests	Gerard van Hooft	1.02% (1 seat)	20	[47]
15		Farmer–Citizen Movement	BBB	Agrarianism	Caroline van der Plas	1.00% (1 seat)	20	[48]
16		BIJ1	BIJ1	Anti-racism	Edson Olf	0.84% (1 seat)	20	[49][50]
17		Pirate Party–The Greens Pirate Party The Greens	PPNL/DG	Pirate politics, green politics	Mark van Treuren	0.22% (0 seats)[b]	20	[51][52]
18		Interest of the Netherlands	BVNL	Right-wing populism, conservative liberalism	Wybren van Haga	—	20	[53]
19		New Social Contract	NSC	Christian democracy	Pieter Omtzigt	—	20	[54]
20		Splinter	SPL	Anti-identity politics	Femke Merel van Kooten-Arissen	0.29% (0 seats)	20	[55]
21		Libertarian Party	LP	Libertarianism	Tom van Lamoen	0.05% (0 seats)	19	[56]
22		LEF – For the New Generation	LEF	Youth politics	Daniël van Duijn	—	19	[57]
23		Together for the Netherlands	SvN	Right-wing populism	Michel Reijinga	—	19	[58][59]
24		Netherlands with a Plan	NLPLAN	Participatory democracy	Kok Kuen Chan	—	17	[60]
25		Party for Sports	PvdS	Health promotion	Annemarie van Duivenboden	—	11	[61]
26		Political Party for Basic Income	PPvB	Universal basic income advocacy	Sepp Hannen	—	8	[62]

Campaign

Debates

Dutch general election debates, 2023
Date	Organisers	Channel	Venue	P  Present   I  Invited   NI  Not invited   A  Absent																	Ref.
				Baudet	Bikker	Bontenbal	Dassen	Eerdmans	Jetten	Marijnissen	Olf	Omtzigt	Ouwehand	Stoffer	Timmermans	Van Baarle	Van der Plas	Van Haga	Wilders	Yeşilgöz-Zegerius
22 October	College Tour	NPO 3	Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	P	NI	NI	P	[63]
30 October	GL/PvdA, NSC	YouTube	Luxor Live, Arnhem	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	[64][65]
3 November	NOS	NPO Radio 1	Nieuwspoort, The Hague	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	A	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	[66]
5 November	RTL Nieuws	RTL 4	Felix Meritis, Amsterdam	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	[67]
12 November				NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	P	NI	A	P	NI	A	NI	P	NI	P	P	[68]
16 November	Talpa TV	SBS6	Media Park, Hilversum	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	P	P	[69]
17 November	ND Verkiezingsdebat	YouTube	De Basiliek, Veenendaal	NI	P	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	[70]
17 November	SP, NSC	YouTube	Unknown	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	[71]
17 November	EenVandaag	NPO 1	Media Park, Hilversum	NI	P	P	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	[72]
18 November				NI	NI	NI	P	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	NI	NI	[72]
18 November	Omroep Brabant, Omroep Zeeland, L1		Evoluon, Eindhoven	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	P	NI	A	P	NI	A	NI	P	NI	P	P	[73]
19 November	Jeugdjournaal	NPO 3	Media Park, Hilversum	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	A	NI	NI	P	NI	P	NI	P	P	[66]
20 November	EenVandaag	NPO 1	Ahoy, Rotterdam	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	P	NI	P	P	[72]
21 November	NOS		B67, The Hague	P	P	NI	P	P	NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	NI	P	NI	P	NI	NI	[66]
				NI	NI	P	NI	NI	P	P	NI	P	P	NI	P	NI	P	NI	P	P	[66]

NOS op 3 debates

In addition to the conventional debates, a series of debates between two or three party leaders were hosted by news program NOS op 3. The debates are broadcast through the programme's media outlets, such as radio and YouTube. The debates were broadcast in real-time and were held with a select group of young people present, who, in addition to the viewers on the YouTube live stream, asked the candidates various questions.^[74]

• 30 October: Mirjam Bikker (CU) and Esther Ouwehand (PvdD)
• 31 October: Pieter Omtzigt (NSC) and Frans Timmermans (GL/PvdA)
• 1 November: Thierry Baudet (FvD) and Rob Jetten (D66)
• 2 November: Caroline van der Plas (BBB) and Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (VVD)
• 3 November: Laurens Dassen (Volt), Edson Olf (BIJ1) and Chris Stoffer (SGP)
• 4 November: Henri Bontenbal (CDA) and Lilian Marijnissen (SP)
• 5 November: Joost Eerdmans (JA21), Stephan van Baarle (DENK) and Wybren van Haga (BVNL)

Assaults and attacks on Thierry Baudet

Thierry Baudet, founder and leader of the far-right^[75] Forum for Democracy (FvD) was attacked with an umbrella upon his arrival at Ghent University on 26 October 2023,^[76][77] resulting in a mild concussion.

On 20 November, Baudet was beaten with a beer bottle at a campaign event in Groningen, and was later hospitalised. Numerous politicians denounced the attack, with Mark Rutte stating that the attack was "totally unacceptable".^[78][79] The antifascist far-left group AFA Noord claimed responsibility for the attack.^[80][81]

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Dutch general election

The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) established a lead in the polls following its victory in the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, but started to decline in May 2023, and further declined when Pieter Omtzigt announced he would contest the election with his newly established party New Social Contract (NSC), which immediately performed well in the polls at the expense of BBB.^[82] In the last polls before the election, NSC declined because it was unclear whether Pieter Omtzigt was willing to serve as prime minister should his party win the election. Their voters mostly diverted to VVD and PVV.^[83]

Results

Delft City Hall on election day 2023

Geert Wilders' PVV won 37 seats of the 150-seat parliament, more than doubling their seats from the previous election in 2021. The left-leaning GroenLinks–PvdA (GL-PvdA) finished second with 25 seats. The VVD party ended third with 24 seats. NSC came fourth with 20 seats.^[7]

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Party for Freedom (PVV)	2,450,878	23.49	37	+20
	GroenLinks–PvdA (GL/PvdA)	1,643,073	15.75	25	+8
	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD)	1,589,519	15.24	24	−10
	New Social Contract (NSC)	1,343,287	12.88	20	New
	Democrats 66 (D66)	656,292	6.29	9	−15
	Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB)	485,551	4.65	7	+6
	Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA)	345,822	3.31	5	−10
	Socialist Party (SP)	328,225	3.15	5	–4
	DENK	246,765	2.37	3	0
	Party for the Animals (PvdD)	235,148	2.25	3	−3
	Forum for Democracy (FvD)	232,963	2.23	3	−5
	Reformed Political Party (SGP)	217,270	2.08	3	0
	Christian Union (CU)	212,532	2.04	3	−2
	Volt Netherlands (Volt)	178,802	1.71	2	−1
	JA21	71,345	0.68	1	−2
	Belang van Nederland	52,913	0.51	0	New
	50PLUS	51,043	0.49	0	−1
	BIJ1	44,253	0.42	0	−1
	Splinter	12,838	0.12	0	0
	Pirate Party–The Greens	9,117	0.09	0	0
	Netherlands with a Plan	5,487	0.05	0	New
	Together for the Netherlands	5,325	0.05	0	New
	LEF – For the New Generation	5,122	0.05	0	New
	Libertarian Party	4,152	0.04	0	0
	Party for Sports	3,966	0.04	0	New
	Political Party for Basic Income	1,038	0.01	0	New
Total		10,432,726	100.00	150	0
Valid votes		10,432,726	99.59
Invalid votes		19,656	0.19
Blank votes		22,821	0.22
Total votes		10,475,203	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		13,473,750	77.75
Source: Kiesraad

By province

Results by province^[84]

Province	PVV	GL- PvdA	VVD	NSC	D66	BBB	CDA	SP	DENK	FvD	PvdD	SGP	CU	Volt	JA21	Others
Drenthe	26.0	14.0	12.6	16.0	4.5	8.8	3.7	3.3	0.5	2.3	1.8	0.8	2.6	1.0	0.6	0.8
Flevoland	26.6	11.8	14.8	12.2	4.5	5.2	2.5	3.2	3.3	3.3	1.9	3.8	2.6	1.1	0.7	2.6
Friesland	24.5	14.6	11.2	16.3	4.3	8.3	5.3	3.4	0.4	2.7	1.8	1.0	2.7	0.9	0.7	1.7
Gelderland	22.2	15.4	14.4	13.2	5.9	6.2	3.6	2.9	1.4	2.0	2.2	4.1	2.8	1.5	0.6	1.5
Groningen	21.8	20.2	9.9	14.6	5.7	6.1	3.0	4.5	0.8	2.3	2.7	0.9	3.4	1.9	0.6	1.7
Limburg	33.3	13.5	13.8	14.1	4.8	4.4	3.4	3.7	1.2	2.3	1.7	0.1	0.3	1.0	0.6	1.7
North Brabant	26.9	13.1	18.1	12.7	6.6	4.4	3.5	4.1	1.8	1.9	1.8	0.4	0.6	1.6	0.7	1.7
North Holland	19.8	20.7	17.1	10.1	7.9	3.2	2.3	3.1	3.4	2.5	3.1	0.3	1.0	2.3	0.7	2.8
Overijssel	22.0	11.6	11.1	21.9	4.3	8.5	3.5	2.4	1.4	2.1	1.5	3.0	3.4	1.3	0.6	1.1
South Holland	24.4	14.7	16.0	10.9	6.4	2.6	3.3	2.7	4.1	2.4	2.3	3.1	2.4	1.8	0.8	1.9
Utrecht	17.6	20.5	16.2	10.5	8.4	2.8	3.4	2.3	3.1	1.8	2.8	2.8	3.0	2.6	0.6	1.6
Zeeland	23.9	11.1	14.7	12.1	4.1	5.9	4.3	3.1	0.8	2.5	1.8	9.7	2.9	0.7	0.7	1.7
Caribbean Netherlands	10.9	13.8	10.7	8.2	26.2	5.0	1.6	1.5	0.4	2.3	2.2	0.4	11.7	1.4	0.3	3.5
Postal voters abroad	6.3	28.6	17.4	12.1	10.5	3.2	1.9	1.9	0.3	3.3	4.0	0.7	1.6	5.2	0.8	2.2

Aftermath

Political analysis

International media described the results as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",^[85] and as a landslide victory for the Party for Freedom (PVV).^[86][87][88] Many analysts speculated that the rise of the PVV was due to great debate performances by Wilders in the weeks upcoming to the election. Since the largest issue of the election was shifted to the topic of migration it helped to boost the appeal of Wilders.^[89] Some politics journalists opined that Wilders was able to build wider support by softening some of his statements after VVD leader Dilan Yeşilgöz suggested she might include the PVV in negotiations and declaring in a debate that he would be "a Prime Minister for all Dutch people."^[90] Others commented ahead of the election that newer anti-establishment and alternative parties to the PVV such as the Forum for Democracy, JA21, BBB and Pieter Omtzigt's New Social Contract ran out of steam after voters had experimented with them before moving back to the PVV as Wilders had remained a stronger and more consistent political figure.^[91]

In addition, the leader of the GroenLinks–PvdA coalition, Frans Timmermans, was disliked by many right wingers, and since the VVD and NSC did not directly rule out working with either PVV or GL-PvdA, this led to right-wing voters consolidating around Wilders in order to prevent a Timmermans premiership.^[92] The Farmer–Citizen Movement saw a decline from their peak in the provincial elections in March, with many of their voters going towards NSC or PVV as issues around nitrogen emissions were only a minor topic in the campaign.^[93]

The results of the elections are expected to lead to protracted and complicated coalition talks. Outgoing Prime Minister Mark Rutte will remain in a caretaker capacity, and the incumbent coalition government will continue as a demissionary cabinet until the next coalition government is sworn in, which can take up to several months.

Reactions

Following his victory, Wilders was praised by Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán. He was also praised by far-right leaders across Europe such as Marine Le Pen, Matteo Salvini, André Ventura, Alice Weidel, Tom Van Grieken, and Santiago Abascal.^[94][95]

All parties of the incumbent coalition government lost seats in this election.^[8] Incumbent coalition party Democrats 66 leader Rob Jetten blamed the senior coalition party VVD and its leader Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius for the successes of Wilders and the PVV in the election, saying on election night that "Yeşilgöz left the door wide open for Wilders" and blaming her party's campaign strategy for allowing "the politics of intolerance [to be] normalized while it should never be normal". Yeşilgöz denied her party's strategy was to blame for the PVV's success, saying, "It was not the VVD that made the PVV great. The voters did that."^[96]

Government formation

Main article: 2023–2024 Dutch cabinet formation

See also

• List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present

Notes

1. As the Labour Party (9 seats) and GroenLinks (8 seats)
2. As the Pirate Party (0 seats) and The Greens (0 seats)

References

1. "Dutch general election to take place on November 22". DutchNews.nl. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
2. "Dutch voters will go to the polls on Nov. 22 after the fall of Mark Rutte's coalition". Associated Press News. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
3. "Kabinet gevallen over asieldeal: Rutte weet nog niet of hij doorgaat als VVD-leider". ad.nl (in Dutch). 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
4. "Rutte kondigt vertrek uit politiek aan: 'Niet meer beschikbaar als lijsttrekker VVD'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
5. Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (22 November 2023). "Anti-Islam populist Wilders heading for a massive win in Netherlands in a shock for Europe". Associated Press. The Hague. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
6. Meijer, Bart; Deutsch, Anthony (22 November 2023). "Dutch election: Wilders' far-right party set for gains". Reuters. AMSTERDAM. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
7. Henley, Jon; Pjotr, Sauer; Senay, Boztas (22 November 2023). "Far-right party set to win most seats in Dutch elections, exit polls show". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
8. "Politieke aardverschuiving: PVV veruit de grootste, coalitie afgestraft" [Political landslide: PVV by far the largest, coalition punished]. NOS (in Dutch). 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
9. "Huwelijk van kabinet-Rutte IV was gedoemd te mislukken". NOS (in Dutch). 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
10. Henley, Jon; correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (16 March 2023). "Rural populist party emerges as big winner in Dutch elections". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
11. "Spreidingswet naar Tweede Kamer, maar nieuwe Eerste Kamer lijkt serieuzer obstakel". nos.nl (in Dutch). 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
12. "Hoe Rutte vriend en vijand verraste: reconstructie van de val van Rutte IV". NOS (in Dutch). 8 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
13. "Dutch election candidates make migration a key campaign issue in the crowded Netherlands". The Independent. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
14. Jha, Mausam (8 July 2023). "Explainer: Why did PM Mark Rutte-led Dutch government collapse?". mint. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
15. Desk, DH Web. "Explained | Why the Dutch government led by PM Mark Rutte collapsed". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
16. "Dutch PM Mark Rutte resigns after collapse of coalition government". Sky News. 8 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
17. "Mark Rutte hands in resignation to the king after coalition collapse". Euronews. 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
18. "Prime Minister Rutte tenders government's resignation". Government of the Netherlands. 8 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
19. "What to Know About the Dutch Government's Collapse—and What Comes Next". Time. 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
20. "Ook CDA-fractievoorzitter Heerma wil niet op kieslijst". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
21. "Attje Kuiken (PvdA) keert niet terug in de Tweede Kamer: 'Ik heb het fantastisch gehad'". AD.nl (in Dutch). 18 August 2023. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
22. Dool, Pim van den (25 August 2023). "Met het vertrek van Kees van der Staaij verliest het parlement een schat aan ervaring en gezag". NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
23. "DENK-voorman Farid Azarkan stopt: 'Tijd om andere dingen te gaan doen'". AD.nl (in Dutch). 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
24. "Ook ex-50Plus-Kamerlid Den Haan stopt: 'De huidige politiek is lelijk'". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
25. "Tweede Kamerlid Gündogan (ex-Volt) keert na verkiezingen niet terug". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 23 August 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
26. "Ook Sylvana Simons (Bij1) verlaat Haagse politiek". NOS.nl (in Dutch). 24 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
27. "Kamervoorzitter Vera Bergkamp verlaat politiek na verkiezingen". RTL.nl (in Dutch). 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
28. "Zetelverdeling over partijen". Kiesraad (in Dutch). 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
29. Nederland, Parlementsverkiezingen, 15 maart 2017: Eindrapport (Report). OSCE/ODIHR. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
30. "Zetelverdeling over kandidaten". Kiesraad (in Dutch). 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
31. "Dilan Yesilgöz officieel lijsttrekker van de VVD: 'Enorme eer'". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
32. "Rob Jetten gekozen als nieuwe lijsttrekker D66". NOS (in Dutch). 12 August 2023. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
33. "Hoe de PvdA en GroenLinks samen de verkiezingen in gaan". PvdA (in Dutch). 20 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
34. "Timmermans officieel lijsttrekker PvdA/Groenlinks". NOS (in Dutch). 22 August 2023. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
35. "Veel fractieleiders oppositie waarschijnlijk weer lijsttrekker". Nederlands Dagblad (in Dutch). 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
36. "Lijsttrekker". CDA (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
37. Vermeer, Oscar; Haan, Marko de (14 August 2023). "Henri Bontenbal moet CDA redden van de afgrond". NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
38. "SP wijst opnieuw Lilian Marijnissen aan als lijsttrekker, 94 procent leden voor". NOS (in Dutch). 22 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
39. "Thierry Baudet opnieuw lijsttrekker FvD bij Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
40. "Bestuur Partij voor de Dieren stapt op, Ouwehand terug als lijsttrekker". NOS (in Dutch). 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
41. "Mirjam Bikker wil lijsttrekker ChristenUnie worden". NOS (in Dutch). 17 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
42. "Volt-bestuur wil opnieuw Laurens Dassen als lijsttrekker". NOS (in Dutch). 19 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
43. "Dassen door als lijsttrekker Volt; meeste partijleiders nu bekend, maar wachten is op Omtzigt". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 31 July 2023. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
44. "Joost Eerdmans door bestuur voorgedragen als lijsttrekker JA21". Parlement.com (in Dutch). 9 August 2023. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
45. "Nestor Van der Staaij (SGP) verlaat politiek, Kamerlid Stoffer neemt stokje over". NOS (in Dutch). 25 August 2023. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
46. "Kersverse Denk-fractievoorzitter Van Baarle aangewezen als lijsttrekker". NOS (in Dutch). 10 September 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
47. "'Tegenkandidaat' Van Hooft alsnog gekozen tot lijsttrekker 50Plus". NOS (in Dutch). 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
48. "Caroline van der Plas weer lijsttrekker BBB". NOS (in Dutch). 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
49. "Bij1 doet definitief mee aan de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". Het Parool (in Dutch). 8 August 2023. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
50. "Rotterdammer Edson Olf volgt Simons op als lijsttrekker Bij1". NOS (in Dutch). 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
51. Hofmans, Tijs (25 July 2023). "Piratenpartij doet bij verkiezingen mee als gezamenlijke lijst met De Groenen". Tweakers (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
52. "Persbericht: Piratenpartij kiest nieuwe lijsttrekker". Piratenpartij (in Dutch). 13 August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
53. "BVNL doet mee aan de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". BVNL (in Dutch). 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
54. "Omtzigt doet mee aan verkiezingen met eigen partij: Nieuw Sociaal Contract". NOS (in Dutch). 20 August 2023. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
55. "Verkiezingen 2023". Splinter (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
56. "LP presenteert kandidatenlijst Tweede Kamer". Libertaire Partij (in Dutch). 3 September 2023. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
57. "H4_Ondersteuningsverklaring_TK2023_Nederland_LEFVoordeNieuweGeneratie.pdf" (PDF). LEF (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
58. "Nieuwsbrief – We zijn verkiesbaar!". Samen voor Nederland (in Dutch). 21 July 2023. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
59. "Over ons". Samen voor Nederland (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
60. "Help ons met Ondersteunings-verklaringen". NL met een PLAN (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
61. "Ondersteuningsverklaring". PARTIJvdSPORT (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
62. "Brief van voorzitter – Juli 2023". Politieke Partij voor Basisinkomen (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
63. "Politici nemen het tegen elkaar op in het eerste College Tour verkiezingsdebat". KRO-NCRV (in Dutch). 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
64. Keultjes, Hanneke; Klaassen, Niels (30 October 2023). "Omtzigt en Timmermans (zónder VVD) in debat over kernenergie en minimumloon: 'Dit is diepgang'" [Omtzigt and Timmermans (without VVD) in debate about nuclear energy and minimum wage: 'This is depth']. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
65. Reijmer, Loes; Hofs, Yvonne (30 October 2023). "Lees hier het liveblog over het debat tussen Timmermans en Omtzigt terug" [Read the live blog about the debate between Timmermans and Omtzigt here]. de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
66. "Alles over de verkiezingsuitzendingen van de NOS". NOS (in Dutch). 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
67. "Eerste tv-debat RTL met drie kopstukken: Yeşilgöz, Omtzigt en Timmermans". RTL Nederland (in Dutch). 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
68. "RTL komt met twee tv-debatten rond Tweede Kamerverkiezingen". RTL Nederland (in Dutch). 5 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
69. "Wilfred Genee leidt eerste verkiezingsdebat van SBS ooit: 'Niet traditioneel'". nu.nl (in Dutch). 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
70. "Bikker, Bontenbal en Stoffer bij tiende editie van ND Verkiezingsdebat. Aanmelden kan vanaf nu'". nd.nl (in Dutch). 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
71. "In debat over bestaanszekerheid en het neoliberalisme". elsloo (in Dutch). 18 November 2023. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
72. "EenVandaag-Verkiezingsdebat 'De toekomst van Nederland' in Ahoy". AVROTROS (in Dutch). 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
73. "Hulp voor zwevende kiezers: het Debat van het Zuiden komt eraan". Omroep Brabant (in Dutch). 25 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
74. Michel, Thomas (12 October 2023). "Alles over de verkiezingsuitzendingen van de NOS" [Everything about the NOS election broadcasts]. Over NOS (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
75. Botje, Harm Ede; Cohen, Mischa (19 November 2021). "Forum voor Democratie heeft zijn masker afgezet de juisten zijn nu over". parool.nl. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
76. "Thierry Baudet op hoofd geslagen bij ingang Universiteit Gent, lezing doorgegaan" (in Dutch). NOS. 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
77. "Nederlandse politicus Thierry Baudet krijgt klap op het hoofd net voor lezing aan UGent" (in Dutch). VRT. 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
78. "Thierry Baudet opnieuw aangevallen: man opgepakt" (in Dutch). rtLnieuws. 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
79. "FvD-leider Baudet op hoofd geslagen in Gronings café, verdachte aangehouden". nos.nl (in Dutch). 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
80. "Verdachte die Baudet met fles sloeg is 15-jarige jongen uit Groningen". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
81. "Jongen die FvD-lijsttrekker Baudet met bierflesje sloeg is pas 15 jaar en 'antifascistisch activist". Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
82. "Caroline van der Plas (BBB): 'Wij gaan ervan uit dat zowel Omtzigt als BBB meer zetels halen dan in de peilingen'". 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
83. "DPG Media Privacy Gate". Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
84. "Bekijk hier de uitslag in jouw gemeente". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
85. Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (22 November 2023). "Anti-Islam populist Wilders heading for a massive win in Netherlands in a shock for Europe". Associated Press. THE HAGUE. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
86. Moses, Claire (22 November 2023). "Far-Right Icon Predicted to Win Dutch Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023. Instead, it appeared, the disaffected sought a more dramatic change than usual and gravitated toward Mr. Wilders, delivering a relative landslide for the far right for the first time in a national election for the House of Representatives.
87. "Far-right, anti-Islam Wilders on course for Dutch landslide". The Hague: France 24. AFP. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
88. "Exit poll says Dutch anti-Islam populist wins most votes with a landslide margin". Los Angeles Times. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
89. O'Carroll, Lisa (23 November 2023). "Tax, healthcare, immigration: why Dutch people voted for Geert Wilders". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
90. Boztas, Senay (24 November 2023). "Offensive, hostile and unrepentant: Geert Wilders in his own words". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
91. "Are the Dutch set for a sharp turn to the Right?". Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
92. Stöckl, Benedikt (21 July 2023). "Timmermans candidacy for Dutch PM angers right-wing". www.euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
93. Tullis, Paul (16 November 2023). "Nitrogen wars: the Dutch farmers' revolt that turned a nation upside-down". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
94. Sullivan, Helen (23 November 2023). "European far-right leaders celebrate Geert Wilders' party leading Dutch election exit polls". The Guardian. Reuters. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
95. Hülsemann, Laura; Camut, Nicolas; Ngendakumana, Pierre Emmanuel (23 November 2023). "Euroskeptics applaud shock Wilders win in Dutch election". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
96. "D66 leader blames VVD for late Wilders surge to apparent election victory". NL Times. ANP. 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

External links

• Media related to Dutch general elections 2023 at Wikimedia Commons

General Netherlands Category:2023 in Bonaire Category:2023 in Saba (island) Category:2023 in Sint Eustatius General election Category:Elections in Bonaire Category:Elections in Saba (island) Category:Elections in Sint Eustatius Category:General elections in the Netherlands