Tiopronin

Tiopronin, sold under the brand name Thiola, is a medication used to control the rate of cystine precipitation and excretion in the disease cystinuria.^[3][4]

Tiopronin

Names
IUPAC name N-(2-Sulfanylpropanoyl)glycine
Systematic IUPAC name (2-Sulfanylpropanamido)acetic acid
Other names 2-mercaptopropionylglycine Acadione
Identifiers
CAS Number	1953-02-2 Y 29335-92-0 R Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Beilstein Reference	1859822
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1314 Y
ChemSpider	5283 Y 180938 R Y 643292 S Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.016.163
EC Number	217-778-4
KEGG	D01430 Y
MeSH	Tiopronin
PubChem CID	5483 208825 R 736152 S
RTECS number	MC0596500
UNII	C5W04GO61S Y X294K8K2PF R Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4023678
InChI InChI=1S/C5H9NO3S/c1-3(10)5(9)6-2-4(7)8/h3,10H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,9)(H,7,8) Y Key: YTGJWQPHMWSCST-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES CC(S)C(=O)NCC(O)=O
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H9NO3S
Molar mass	163.19 g·mol−1
Appearance	White, opaque crystals
Melting point	93 to 98 °C (199 to 208 °F; 366 to 371 K)
log P	−0.674
Acidity (pKa)	3.356
Basicity (pKb)	10.641
Pharmacology
ATC code	G04BX16 (WHO) QG04BX16 (WHO)
Routes of administration	By mouth
Legal status	US: ℞-only[1][2]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H302
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	1,300 mg kg−1 (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Related alkanoic acids	Acetylcysteine Glycylglycine Iminodiacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic acid N-Oxalylglycine Bucillamine Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid gamma-Glutamylcysteine
Related compounds	N-Acetylglycinamide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Tiopronin

Clinical data
Trade names	Thiola
License data	US DailyMed: Tiopronin
Identifiers
DrugBank	DB06823
ChEBI	CHEBI:32229
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4023678
ECHA InfoCard	100.016.163

It is available as a generic medication.^[5][6]

Medical uses

Tiopronin is indicated, in combination with high fluid intake, alkali, and diet modification, for the prevention of cystine stone formation in people 20 kilograms (44 lb) and greater with severe homozygous cystinuria, who are not responsive to these measures alone.^[1][2]

Side effects

Tiopronin may present a variety of side effects, which are broadly similar to those of D-penicillamine and other compounds containing active sulfhydryl groups.^[7] Its pharmacokinetics have been studied.^[8]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Tiopronin works by reacting with urinary cysteine to form a more soluble, disulfide linked, tiopronin-cysteine complex.^[8]

Society and culture

In the U.S., the drug was marketed by Mission Pharmacal at $1.50 per pill, but in 2014 the rights were bought by Retrophin, owned by Martin Shkreli, and the price increased to $30 per pill for a 100 mg capsule.^[9][10]

In 2016 Imprimis Pharmaceuticals introduced a lower cost version marketed as a compounded drug.^[11]

Research

It may also be used for Wilson's disease (an overload of copper in the body), and has also been investigated for the treatment of arthritis,^[12][13] though tiopronin is not an anti-inflammatory.^{[citation needed]}

Tiopronin is also sometimes used as a stabilizing agent for metal nanoparticles. The thiol group binds to the nanoparticles, preventing coagulation.^[14]

References

1. "Thiola- tiopronin tablet, sugar coated". DailyMed. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
2. "Thiola EC- tiopronin tablet, delayed release". DailyMed. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
3. Lindell A, Denneberg T, Hellgren E, Jeppsson JO, Tiselius HG (1995). "Clinical course and cystine stone formation during tiopronin treatment". Urological Research. 23 (2): 111–7. doi:10.1007/BF00307941. PMID 7676533. S2CID 34308815.
4. Coe FL, Parks JH, Asplin JR (October 1992). "The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones". The New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (16): 1141–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM199210153271607. PMID 1528210.
5. "Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
6. "First Generic Drug Approvals 2023". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
7. Jaffe IA (March 1986). "Adverse effects profile of sulfhydryl compounds in man". The American Journal of Medicine. 80 (3): 471–6. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90722-9. PMID 2937293.
8. Carlsson MS, Denneberg T, Emanuelsson BM, Kågedal B, Lindgren S (August 1993). "Pharmacokinetics of oral tiopronin". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 45 (1): 79–84. doi:10.1007/BF00315354. PMID 8405034. S2CID 8879752.
9. Lowe D (11 September 2014). "The Most Unconscionable Drug Price Hike I Have Yet Seen". In the Pipeline.
10. Carroll J (September 20, 2015). "Why would Martin Shkreli hike an old drug price by 5000%? Only a 'moron' would ask". FierceBiotech.
11. Elvidge S (September 29, 2016). "Imprimis shuts down Texas plant, axes 8% of jobs". BioPharma Dive.
12. Delecoeuillerie G (April 1989). "[Tolerability and therapeutic maintenance of tiopronin, new basic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Apropos of long-term follow-up of 268 cases]". Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires. 56 (5 Pt 2): 38–42. PMID 2740804.
13. Pasero G, Pellegrini P, Ambanelli U, Ciompi ML, Colamussi V, Ferraccioli G, et al. (August 1982). "Controlled multicenter trial of tiopronin and d-penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 25 (8): 923–9. doi:10.1002/art.1780250803. PMID 7115451.
14. Dahl JA, Maddux BL, Hutchison JE (June 2007). "Toward greener nanosynthesis". Chemical Reviews. 107 (6): 2228–69. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.2724. doi:10.1021/cr050943k. PMID 17564480.