The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Khartoum , Sudan .
circa 5000 BCE, first documented skull, human bones and tools found in 1945[1] [2]
1821 - Settlement established by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt .
1824 - "Egyptian governor Uthman Bey establishes Khartoum as a military centre."[3]
1826 - Ali Khurshid Pasha in power.[3] [4]
1829 - Mosque built.[4]
1830 - Town becomes capital of "the Sudanese possessions of Egypt."
1838 - Disease outbreak; capital relocated temporarily to Shendi .
1840 - Flood.
1841 - Flood.
1854 - Muhammad Sa'id Pasha in power.[4]
1856 - Disease outbreak; capital relocated temporarily to Shendi .
1862 - Chamber of Commerce established.[4]
1866 - Consulates of Austria, France, Italy, Persia, and Tuscany established.[4]
1869 - Flood.
1874 - Flood.
1878 - Flood.
1884 - 13 March: Siege of Khartoum begins.
1885
1898
2 September: Conflict between Mahdist and British forces.
Seat of government relocates to Khartoum from Omdurman.
1899
Aerial view of Khartoum, 1936
Aerial view of the cities of Omdurman (top left), Khartoum (lower half), and Bahri (top right), 2005
2010s
2010 - Population: 4,516,000 (urban agglomeration).[21]
2012
June: Economic protest.[26]
October: al-Yarmook armament factory bombed.[27]
Heather J. Sharkey (2003), Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , University of California Press, ISBN 9780520235588
E. N. Corbyn (1944). "The Kitchener School of Medicine at Khartoum, Sudan". Journal of the Royal African Society . 43 (171): 66–68. JSTOR 717807 .
"Khartoum" . Islamic Cultural Heritage Database . Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013 .
Regional Integration in Africa . OECD and African Development Bank. 2002.
Published in 20th century
"Omdurman, Khartoum North, and Khartoum" , Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: a compendium prepared by officers of the Sudan government , London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1905
Arkell, A. J. Early Khartoum. CUP, Cambridge 1949.
Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (1906), "Khartum" , Cook's Handbook for Egypt and the Sudan (2nd ed.), London: T. Cook & Son, OCLC 7434398
Eustace A. Reynolds-Ball (1907), "Khartoum" , Cairo of To-Day (5th ed.), London: Adam & Charles Black
"Khartum" . Guide to Egypt and the Sudan (5th ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. 1908.
"Khartum" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 773.
"Khartum and Omdurman" , Egypt and the Sudan (7th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker , 1914
McLean, W. H. The planning of Khartoum and Omdurman; transactions of the Town Planning Conference, October 1910. London 1919.
El-Bushra, El-Sayed (1979). "Some Demographic Indicators for Khartoum Conurbation, Sudan". Middle Eastern Studies . 15 (3): 295–309. doi :10.1080/00263207908700413 . JSTOR 4282756 . PMID 11614947 .
H. R. J. Davies (1994). "A Rural 'Eye' in the Capital: Tuti Island, Khartoum, Sudan". GeoJournal . 33 (4): 387–392. doi :10.1007/BF00806421 . JSTOR 41146238 . S2CID 154051487 .
Stevenson, R. C. (1966). "Old Khartoum, 1821-1885" . Sudan Notes and Records . 47 : 28f. ISSN 0375-2984 . JSTOR 44947302 – via JSTOR.
R.P.D. Walsh; et al. (1994). "Flood Frequency and Impacts at Khartoum since the Early Nineteenth Century". Geographical Journal . 160 (3): 266–279. doi :10.2307/3059609 . JSTOR 3059609 .
Noelle Watson, ed. (1996). "Khartoum". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa . UK: Routledge. pp. 420+. ISBN 1884964036 .
Walkley, C. (1935). The story of Khartoum. Sudan Notes and Records, 18(2), 221–241.
Published in 21st century
Galal Eldin Eltayeb (2003). "The Case of Khartoum, Sudan" . Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 . United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London.
Paul Tiyambe Zeleza ; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Khartoum, Sudan". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History . Routledge. ISBN 0415234794 .
Kevin Shillington , ed. (2005). "Khartoum". Encyclopedia of African History . Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6 .
Bruce E. Stanley; Michael R.T. Dumper, eds. (2008), "Khartoum", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa , Santa Barbara, US: ABC-CLIO
Sara Pantuliano ; et al. (2011), City Limits: Urbanisation and Vulnerability in Sudan: Khartoum Case Study , London: Overseas Development Institute – via International Relations and Security Network