The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Braunschweig (Brunswick), Germany.
- 861 - According to legend, Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony.
- 955 - Area of city expanded.
- 1031 - St. Magni (Braunschweig) [de] church consecrated.
- 1145 - Riddagshausen Abbey founded.
- 1160s - Henry the Lion makes Braunschweig his residence.
- 1166 - Brunswick Lion statue created.[3]
- 1175
- 1188 - Gospels of Henry the Lion created.
- 1190s - St. Martini (Braunschweig) [de] church construction begins.
- 1194 - Brunswick Cathedral built.
- 1194 - 6 August: Henry the Lion dies.
- 1200s
- St. Katharinen (Braunschweig) [de] church construction begins.
- Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League.[4]
- Schoduvel [de] (carnival) is celebrated.[5]
- 1245 - Großes Waisenhaus BMV [de] (nursing home and orphanage) established.
- 1293–94 - Schicht der Gildemeister [de] (civil unrest)
- 1304 - Bartholomäuskapelle (Braunschweig) [de] on Schützenstraße (Braunschweig) [de] first mentioned.
- 1307 - Gewandhaus (Braunschweig) [de] guildhall/exchange first mentioned.
- 1312 - Rüningen gristmill first mentioned.
- 1370s - Große Schicht [de] (civil unrest)
- 1390
- 1396 - Altstadtrathaus (Braunschweig) [de] (city hall) building expanded.
- 1408 - Altstadtmarktbrunnen [de] (fountain) installed in the Altstadtmarkt (Braunschweig) [de].
- 1410s
- Liberei (library) built.
- Braunschweiger Pfaffenkrieg [de] (conflict between city council and churches)
- 1411 - Faule Mette cannon created.
- 1415 - Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig [de] secondary school established.
- 1420 - St. Andreas (Braunschweig) [de] church built (approximate date).
- 1432 - The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel move their Residenz from Braunschweig to Wolfenbüttel.[8]
- 1434 - Aegidienkirche (church) built (approximate date).
- 1445–46 - Schicht der „ungehorsamen Bürger“ [de] (civil unrest)
- 1451 - Brüdernkirche (Braunschweig) [de] (church) built.
- 1487–89 - Ludeke Hollants Schicht [de] (civil unrest)
- 1498 - Braunschweiger Messe [de] (fair) established.[3]
- 1509 - Printing press in operation.[9]
- 1520s - Protestant Reformation in Braunschweig.
- 1524 - Huneborstelsches Haus [de] built.[3]
- 1531–32 - Braunschweig joins Schmalkaldic League.
- 1534 - Alte Waage (Braunschweig) [de] built.
- 1551 - Population: 16,192.
- 1567 - Haus zur Hanse [de] built.
- 1573 - Veltheimsches Haus [de] built on the Burgplatz (Braunschweig) [de].[3]
- 1627 - Hofbrauhaus Wolters [de] (brewery) established.
- 1643 - Ehemaliges Rüninger Zollhaus [de] (customs house) built.[3]
- 1663 - Trial and execution of Anna Roleffes.
- 1671 - Siege of Braunschweig by Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- 1690 - Opernhaus am Hagenmarkt [de] (opera house and theatre) opens.[3]
- 1745
- 1753 - Brunswick Palace established as the new ducal residence.
- 1754 - Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum and State Natural History Museum open.
- 1761 - First Battle of Ölper
- 1768 - Birth of Caroline of Brunswick future wife of George IV.
- 1769 - Schloss Richmond (castle) built.
- 1772 - 13 March: Premiere of Lessing's play Emilia Galotti.
- 1773 - Population: 23,385.
- 1790s - Braunschweig fortifications [de] dismantled (approximate date).
- 1791 - Lange Brücke (Braunschweig) [de] (bridge) rebuilt.
- 1799 - Friedrich Vieweg (publisher) moves to Braunschweig.
1900–1945
- 1901 - Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein [de] (historical society) founded.
- 1903 - Büssing established.
- 1905 - Population: 136,423.
- 1906 - Dankwarderode Castle reconstructed.
- 1907 - Panther Fahrradwerke [de] (bicycle manufactory) in business.[3]
- 1909 - 21 April: Gymnasium Gaussschule established.
- 1913 - 24 May: Marriage of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia.[21]
- 1918
- November Revolution in Braunschweig [de] occurs.[3]
- 8 November: Ernest Augustus forced to abdicate.[22][23]
- 10 November: Socialist Republic of Brunswick proclaimed.
- 10 November: Free State of Brunswick established.
- 1919
- 1920 - Rollei established.
- 1923 - 17 June: Eintracht-Stadion opens.
- 1929 - Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule moved to Broitzem.
- 1931
- Veltenhof [de] is incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
- Braunschweiger Tageszeitung [de] (newspaper) begins publication.
- 17–18 October: A large Nazi rally is held in Braunschweig, 100,000 SA stormtroopers march through the city.[27]
- 1933 - Mittelland Canal reaches Braunschweig.
- 1934
- Gliesmarode [de], Lehndorf (Braunschweig) [de], Melverode [de], Ölper, Querum [de], Riddagshausen [de], and Rühme [de] are incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
- Population: 166,823.
- 1935 - SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig established.[28]
- 1936
- 1938
- 1939
- 1940
- 1943 - Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen established.[31]
- 1944
- 25 March: Subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established at the SS troop supply camp.[32]
- 5 June: Subcamp of Neuengamme at the SS troop supply camp dissolved. Prisoners deported to a subcamp in Warberg.[32]
- 17 August: Schillstraße subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established.[33]
- September: Braunschweig-Vechelde subcamp of Neuengamme established.[34]
- December: Women subcamp of Neuengamme established at the SS Riding School.[35]
- 1945
- February: Women subcamp of Neuengamme at the SS Riding School dissolved. Prisoners deported to subcamps in Salzgitter and Helmstedt.[35]
- March: Braunschweig-Vechelde subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved. Prisoners moved to the Schillstraße subcamp.[34]
- March/April: Schillstraße subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved. Prisoners sent on a death march to Salzgitter.[33]
- 12 April: Surrender of Braunschweig [de].
- 2001 - Happy Rizzi House [de] built in the Ackerhof [de].
- 2006 - 6 December: Synagoge (Braunschweig) [de] opens.
- 2007 - 6 May: Rebuilt Brunswick Palace opens.
- 2010 - RegioStadtBahn Braunschweig [de] light rail project cancelled.
- 2013 - Population: 247,227.
- 2014 - Ulrich Markurth [de] becomes mayor.
Braunschweig on the
Ebstorf Map, circa 1300
City Hall and fountain, installed 1408 (photo circa 1865)
Braunschweig in 1492
Braunschweig in the 16th century, from the
Civitates orbis terrarum by
Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg.
Braunschweig in 1550.
Braunschweig in 1610.
Programme for premiere of Goethe's Faust, 1829
Brunswick Palace set on fire, 7 September 1830
Fair in 1840.
Kohlmarkt in 1894.
Braunschweig around 1900.
Braunschweig on the night of 15 October 1944
Braunschweig in 2011.
Other cities in the state of Lower Saxony:(de)
Moderhack, Richard (1997). Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte (in German). Braunschweig: Wagner. pp. 50–52. ISBN 3-87884-050-0.
Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766
E. Oppermann (1911): Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie. Braunschweig: E. Appelhans, p. 64.
Neubauer, Jürgen / Salewsky, Dieter (1988): 150 Jahre 1. Deutsche Staatseisenbahn Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. Braunschweig: Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag. ISBN 3-926701-05-6.
Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.): 1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015, ISBN 978-3-944939-12-4.
Hans-Ulrich Ludewig (2000): Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Revolution (1914–1918/19), in: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 935–943
Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.
in English
- Abraham Rees (1819), "Brunswick", The Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4vh5t74q
- Edward Augustus Domeier (1830), "Brunswick", Descriptive Road-Book of Germany, London: Samuel Leigh, hdl:2027/hvd.hx167e
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Brunswick". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
- "Brunswick", Northern Germany (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 78390379
- "Brunswick (German city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 690.
- John M. Jeep, ed. (2001). "Braunschweig". Medieval Germany: an Encyclopedia. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-7644-3.