Tibetan sovereignty debate
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The Tibetan sovereignty debate refers to two political debates. The first political debate is about whether or not the various territories which are within the People's Republic of China (PRC) that are claimed as political Tibet should separate themselves from China and become a new sovereign state. Many of the points in this political debate rest on the points which are within the second historical debate, about whether Tibet was independent or subordinate to China during certain periods of its recent history.
It is generally believed that China and Tibet were independent[1] prior to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),[2] and Tibet has been governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1959.[3]
The nature of Tibet's relationship with China in the intervening period is a matter of debate:
- The PRC asserts that Tibet has been a part of China since the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.[4]
- The Republic of China (ROC) asserted that "Tibet was then definitely placed under the sovereignty of China" when the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) ended the brief Nepalese invasion (1788–1792) of parts of Tibet in c. 1793.[5]
- The Tibetan Government in Exile asserts that Tibet was an independent state until the PRC invaded Tibet in 1949/1950.[6][7]
- A number of outside scholars maintain that Tibet and China were ruled by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, treating Tibet and China as separate realms under a common rule.[8] Some other regard Tibet as "part of a Mongol-ruled Chinese state"[9]. Many scholars maintain that Ming China (1364-1644) possessed no administrative control in Tibet,[10] while some scholars indicated that Imperial Chinese superiority continued after Yuan and lasted until Qing[11]. Tibet was part of the Chinese Empire,[12] or at the very least subordinate to the Manchu-ruled China[13] during much of the Qing dynasty.[14]
- Many scholars maintain that Tibet, from 1912 to 1951, enjoyed de facto independence [15] with no formal international recognition. [16][17] Some other indicate that Tibet was lack of independence during and after the 1914 Simla Conference.[18][19]