Thunderbird and Whale

"Thunderbird and Whale" is an indigenous myth belonging to the mythological traditions of a number of tribes from the American Pacific Northwest.

Overview

The myth of the epic struggle between Thunderbird and Whale is found in common among different language/cultural groups of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast^[1] of America, and seems to be uniquely localized to this area.^[2] It is also the major archetypal motif in carvings and painted art, particularly among the natives along the outlying coasts of Vancouver Island,^[4] e.g., the Kwakiutl (Kwakwakaʼwakw)^[5] or the Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) people.^[6]

Examples

Quileute

One version can be summarized as follows:

Whale was a monster, killing other whales and depriving the Quileute tribe of meat and oil. Thunderbird, a benevolent supernatural being, saw from its home high in the mountains that the people were starving. It soared out over the coastal waters, then plunged into the ocean and seized Whale. A struggle ensued; the ocean receded and rose again. Many canoes were flung into trees and many people were killed. Thunderbird eventually succeeded in lifting Whale out of the ocean, carrying it high into the air and then dropping it. Then another great battle occurred on the land.^{[citation needed]}

The famine experienced on Quileute may not necessarily be blamed on the whales, and Thunderbird makes a gift of a whale, its usual prey to the starving folk, as in a version collected by Ella E. Clark (pub. 1953).^{[lower-alpha 1][7]}

There are also disparate short pieces of lore which Clark stitches together into one narrative;^[8][7] with the individual pieces resembling the short lore collected by Albert B. Reagan (mostly 1905–1909).^[9]

Thus one narrative tells of the Thunderbird pitted against its prey, the whale which kept trying to elude capture, and this escalated to such turmoil that it uprooted trees, and no tree ever grew back again in the area.^[10][8]

Another narrative is the recurrent battle between Thunderbird and the "Mimlos-Whale", an orca that repeatedly escapes to sea after capture, and this struggle resulted in great tremors in the mountains and leveling of trees, offering a mythic explanation of the origin of the Olympic Peninsula prairies.^[11]

Kwakwakaʼwakw

Some of the lore among the Kwakwakaʼwakw, regarding the Thunderbird's has been collated by Franz Boas.^{[12][lower-alpha 2]}

But in Boas's version the battle takes place between Thunderbird and Ōʼᵋmät (K!wēʼk!waxāʼwēᵋ),^{[what language is this?]} the leader of the animals. The latter retaliates against Thunderbird carrying away one of his sons, by raising an army carried in an artificial whale. In the battle at the village, Thunderbird's four children (named "One-Whale-Carrier", etc.) are drowned, and Thunderbird himself is killed, survived only by the "nine-month old infant in the cradle".^[12]

Comox

In one of many variant versions of the myth, the sound of the whale dropping into the sea is the source of thunder. A young boy of a Vancouver Island people, the Comox, was fascinated by the sound of thunder, and heard it from behind a point of land. He crossed that point, following the sound of thunder, and discovered the spectacle of the Thunderbird seizing and dropping the whale. The Thunderbird saw the boy, and told him that the story was now his, and he had the right to wear the Thunderbird mask and wings at the potlatch.

Reconstructing the myth

Main article: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

In the 1980s, geologists found evidence that an earthquake, powerful enough to send a tsunami all the way to Japan, hit the American Pacific Northwest in 1700. Some ethnologists believe that "Thunderbird and Whale" is a description of that disaster.^[13][14]

Explanatory notes

1. "Thunderbird and Whale 1", informant: Jack Ward of Lapush, Washington, who learned it from his father who died in 1954 at age 98.
2. Multiple whales are claimed to appear in 1d (Boas (1935a) Tales, pp. 27–31) according to Ludwin et al. (2007), p. 70, but no thunderbird appears in this (nor 1a, 1b, 1c) as verified by the motif chart ("Tabulation of story elements", p. 77 and Ludwin et al. (2005), p. 142)

References

Citations

1. Ludwin et al. (2007), pp. 68–69 and Fig. 1.
2. Ludwin et al. (2007), p. 72: "unique to the Cascadian coast".
3. Malin, Edward (1999). Northwest Coast Indian Painting, House Fronts and Interior Screens, Portland, OR: Timber Press, 288 pp. 105, 231.
4. Ludwin et al. (2005), p. 145;Ludwin et al. (2007), pp. 70–71, citing Malin (1999).^[3]
5. Goddard, Pliny Earle (1924). Indians of the Northwest Coast. New York: American Museum of Natural History. p. 145.
6. Ludwin et al. (2007), p. 71, fig. 3.
7. Clark, Ella E. (1953). "Thunderbird and Whale (Quillayute)". Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest. Robert Bruce Inverarity (illustr.). University of California Press. pp. 161–163. ISBN 9780520002432.
8. Clark (1953), p. 163 "Thunderbird and Whale 2".
9. Reagan & Walters (1933), pp. 297, 320–322.
10. Reagan & Walters (1933), p. 320, "Thunderbird captures a whale", informant: Luke Hobucket.
11. Reagan (1917), p. 13, "The Thunder-Bird, the Unsuccessful Battle with the Mimlos-Whale, and the Origin of the Prairies of the Olympic Peninsula"; Reagan & Walters (1933), p. 320(=Ludwin et al. (2005, 2007) 14a), "Thunderbird fights Mimlos-Whale", informant: Luke Hobucket (police).
12. Boas (1935b), pp. 157ff and text, in Boas (1943).
13. Ludwin (2002); Ludwin et al. (2005), pp. 140, 143–145; Ludwin et al. (2007), pp. 70–71, 78; cf. cf. Ludwin (2002) webpage.
14. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (2005). "Native American Legends of Tsunamis in the Pacific Northwest." Western Coastal and Marine Geology.

Bibliography

• Boas, Franz (1935a). Kwakiutl Tales: New Series, Part I – Translations. New York: Columbia University Press. hdl:2027/inu.39000005879601.
• —— (1935b). "One-Whale-Carrier" Kwakiutl Culture as Reflected in Mythology. New York: Stechert. hdl:2027/miun.arf6028.0001.001.
• Ludwin, Ruth S.; Dennis, Robert; Carver, Deborah; McMillan, Alan D. (March–April 2005), "Dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake: Great coastal earthquakes in native stories", Seismological Research Letters, 76 (2), Losey, Robert; Clague; John; Jonientz-Trisler, Chris; Bowechop, Janine; Wray, Jacilee; James, Karen: 140–148, Bibcode:2005SeiRL..76..140L, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.574.8640, doi:10.1785/gssrl.76.2.140
• ——; Smiths, Gregory J.; Carver, D.; James, K. (2007), Piccardi, Luigi; Masse, W. Bruce (eds.), "Folklore and earthquakes: Native American oral traditions from Cascadia compared with written traditions from Japan", Myth and Geology, Special Publications, 273(1), Jonientz-Trisler, C.; McMillan, A. D.; ... & Wray, J., Geological Society of London, pp. 67–94, ISBN 9781862392168
• Reagan, Albert B. (18 July 1917), "Archæological Notes on Western Washington and Adjacent British Columbia", Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, VII (1): 1–31: "Quillayute Myths". pp. 12–15.
• Reagan, Albert B.; Walters, L. V. W. (October–December 1933), "Tales from the Hoh and Quileute", The Journal of American Folklore, 46 (182): 297–346, doi:10.2307/535636, JSTOR 535636

External links

• Ludwin, Ruth S. (2002). "Cascadia Megathrust Earthquakes in Pacific Northwest Indian Legend". University of Washington Dept. of Earth and Space Sciences. Archived from the original on 2007-01-04. Retrieved 23 December 2007.