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Type of substituted amphetamine derivative From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Threohydrobupropion (developmental code names BW 494, BW A494U) is a substituted amphetamine derivative—specifically a β-hydroxyamphetamine—and a major active metabolite of the antidepressant drug bupropion (Wellbutrin).[1][2] Bupropion is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, with its metabolites contributing substantially to its activities.[1]
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (August 2022) |
Clinical data | |
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Other names | threo-Hydrobupropion; Threohydroxybupropion; BW 494; BW A494U; threo-3-Chloro-N-tert-butyl-β-hydroxy-α-methylphenethylamine; threo-3-Chloro-N-tert-butyl-β-hydroxyamphetamine |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Protein binding | 42%[1] |
Metabolism | Hydroxylation (CYP2B6, CYP2C19), glucuronidation (UGTs)[1] |
Elimination half-life | 37 hours[1][2] |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.216.731 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C13H20ClNO |
Molar mass | 241.76 g·mol−1 |
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Threohydrobupropion exists as a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers, (1R,2R)-threohydrobupropion and (1S,2S)-threohydrobupropion.[3][1] Other metabolites of bupropion include hydroxybupropion and erythrohydrobupropion.[1][2]
Information on the pharmacological actions of threohydrobupropion is scarce.[1] In any case, it is about 20% as pharmacologically potent as bupropion and in the range of 20 to 50% as potent as bupropion in mouse models of depression.[1][2] Moreover, threohydrobupropion has been reported to weakly inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin with rat IC50 or Ki values of 16 μM, 47 μM, and 67 μM, respectively.[4] These values can be compared to rat values with bupropion of 1,400 nM, 570 nM, and 19,000 nM, respectively.[4] Besides monoamine reuptake inhibition, threohydrobupropion has also been reported to inhibit α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with an IC50 value of 14 μM.[5] Threohydrobupropion circulates at higher concentrations than bupropion during bupropion therapy, similarly to hydroxybupropion but in contrast to erythrohydrobupropion—which circulates at similar concentrations as bupropion.[1][2]
The plasma protein binding of threohydrobupropion is 42%.[1] Threohydrobupropion is formed from bupropion via reduction of the ketone group by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and aldo-keto reductases.[1] It can also be formed from bupropion by carbonyl reductases.[1][2] The compound is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 into threo-4'-hydroxy-hydrobupropion and by various glucuronosyltransferase enzymes into glucuronide conjugates.[1] Its elimination half-life is approximately 37 hours.[1][2]
Dry mouth during bupropion therapy has been associated with threohydrobupropion concentrations.[1] Administration of threohydrobupropion in mice produces seizures at sufficiently high doses similarly to bupropion and other metabolites.[1] Threohydrobupropion is a CYP2D6 inhibitor and accounts for about 21% of CYP2D6 inhibition during bupropion therapy, with hydroxybupropion accounting for 65% and erythrohydrobupropion accounting for 9%.[1]
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