Tactopoda

Tactopoda or Arthropodoidea is a proposed clade of ecdysozoan animals that includes the phyla Tardigrada and Euarthropoda, supported by various morphological observations.^[1][2][3] The cladogram below shows the relationships implied by this hypothesis.

Panarthropoda	Onychophora Tactopoda Tardigrada Euarthropoda

Tactopoda Temporal range: Fortunian–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
The tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini
The blue crab Callinectes sapidus, an arthropod
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Nephrozoa
(unranked):	Protostomia
Superphylum:	Ecdysozoa
(unranked):	Panarthropoda
(unranked):	Tactopoda Budd, 2001[1]

The competing hypothesis is that Antennopoda^[4][5] (= Euarthropoda + Onychophora, the arthropods and the velvet worms) is monophyletic,^[6] and tardigrades lie outside this grouping.

Panarthropoda	Tardigrada Antennopoda Onychophora Euarthropoda

Anatomic arguments for the tactopoda monophyly include similarities in the anatomies of head, legs, and muscles between the arthropods and the tardigrades. Anatomic arguments against it include that tardigrades lack the kind of circulatory system (including a dorsal heart) which the arthropods and the velvet worms share. Graham Budd argued that the lack of this system in recent tardigrades is due to their miniature size, which makes a complex circulatory system superfluous; thus, the loss of this feature would be a secondary property, acquired as the tardigrade stem group turned smaller, and both the Euarthropoda+Onychophora circulatory system and a relatively large size should be a feature of the last common ancestor of all three groups.^[1] However, Gregory Edgecombe also invoked phylogenomic evidence in favour of the alternative Euarthropoda+Onychophora grouping.^[6]

Etymology

Budd formed the suggested clade name 'tactopoda' from Greek taktos, ordered, and poda, feet, "with reference to the alleged well-formed stepping motion that characterises the group".^[1]

Proposed classification

• Phylum Tardigrada
  • Class Eutardigrada
  • Class Heterotardigrada
  • Class Mesotardigrada
• Phylum Arthropoda
  • Class Pycnogonida (?)
  • Clade Arachnomorpha
    • Class †Trilobita
    • Order †Aglaspida
    • Order †Strabopida
    • Class Pycnogonida (?)
    • Order †Cheloniellida
    • Subphylum Chelicerata
      • Class Xiphosura
      • Class †Eurypterida
      • Class †Chasmataspidida
      • Class Pycnogonida (?)
      • Class Arachnida
  • Clade Mandibulata
    • Order †Euthycarcinoidea
    • Subphylum Myriapoda
      • Class Chilopoda
      • Class Symphyla
      • Class Diplopoda
      • Class Pauropoda
    • Clade Pancrustacea
      • Clade Oligostraca
        • Class Ostracoda
        • Class Ichthyostraca
      • Clade Altocrustacea
        • Clade Multicrustacea
          • Class Hexanauplia
          • Class Malacostraca
          • Class Thecostraca
        • Clade Allotriocarida
          • Class Branchiopoda
          • Clade Miracrustacea
            • Superclass Xenocarida
              • Class Cephalocarida
              • Class Remipedia
            • Subphylum Hexapoda
              • Paraphyletic class Entognatha
              • Clade Ectognatha
                • Class Insecta

Phylogeny

Panarthropoda

Velvet worms (Onychophora) Tactopoda Tardigrada Eutardigrada Heterotardigrada Mesotardigrada Arthropoda †Trilobitomorpha/Trilobita ?Pycnogonida Chelicerata Xiphosura †Eurypterida †Chasmataspidida Arachnida ?Pycnogonida Mandibulata Myriapoda Symphyla Chilopoda Diplopoda Pauropoda Pancrustacea Oligostraca Ostracoda Ichthyostraca Altocrustacea Multicrustacea Hexanauplia Malacostraca Thecostraca Allotriocarida Xenocarida Remipedia Cephalocarida Branchiopoda Hexapoda Ellipura Collembola Protura ?Diplura ?Diplura Ectognatha Insecta

References

1. Graham E. Budd (2001). "Tardigrades as 'stem-group arthropods': the evidence from the Cambrian fauna" (PDF). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 240 (3–4): 265–279. doi:10.1078/0044-5231-00034. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
2. Smith, M. R.; Ortega-Hernández, J. (2014). "Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda". Nature. 514 (7522): 363–366. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..363S. doi:10.1038/nature13576. PMID 25132546. S2CID 205239797.
3. De Haro, A. (1998). "Origen y relaciones fitogenéticas entre Artrópodos, Onicóforos, Anélidos y Lofoforados, según datos moleculares y morfológicos". Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural Sección Biológica. 94 (1–2): 103–113.
4. Smith, Frank W.; Goldstein, Bob (2017-05-01). "Segmentation in Tardigrada and diversification of segmental patterns in Panarthropoda". Arthropod Structure & Development. Evolution of Segmentation. 46 (3): 328–340. Bibcode:2017ArtSD..46..328S. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.005. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 27725256.
5. Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014-12-21). "Making sense of 'lower' and 'upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848: Upper and lower stem-Euarthropoda". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 255–273. doi:10.1111/brv.12168. PMID 25528950. S2CID 7751936.
6. Gregory D. Edgecombe (2010). "Arthropod phylogeny: An overview from the perspectives of morphology, molecular data and the fossil record". Arthropod Structure & Development. 39 (2–3): 74–87. Bibcode:2010ArtSD..39...74E. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.10.002. PMID 19854297.