Strong law of small numbers

For other uses, see Law of small numbers (disambiguation).

In mathematics, the "strong law of small numbers" is the humorous law that proclaims, in the words of Richard K. Guy (1988):^[1]

There aren't enough small numbers to meet the many demands made of them.

In other words, any given small number appears in far more contexts than may seem reasonable, leading to many apparently surprising coincidences in mathematics, simply because small numbers appear so often and yet are so few. Earlier (1980) this "law" was reported by Martin Gardner.^[2] Guy's subsequent 1988 paper of the same title gives numerous examples in support of this thesis. (This paper earned him the MAA Lester R. Ford Award.)

Second strong law of small numbers

Guy gives Moser's circle problem as an example. The number of points (n), chords (c) and regions (r_G). The first five terms for the number of regions follow a simple sequence, broken by the sixth term.

Guy also formulated a second strong law of small numbers:

When two numbers look equal, it ain't necessarily so!^[3]

Guy explains this latter law by the way of examples: he cites numerous sequences for which observing the first few members may lead to a wrong guess about the generating formula or law for the sequence. Many of the examples are the observations of other mathematicians.^[3]

One example Guy gives is the conjecture that ${\displaystyle 2^{p}-1}$ is prime—in fact, a Mersenne prime—when ${\displaystyle p}$ is prime; but this conjecture, while true for ${\displaystyle p}$ = 2, 3, 5 and 7, fails for ${\displaystyle p}$ = 11 (and for many other values).

Another relates to the prime number race: primes congruent to 3 modulo 4 appear to be more numerous than those congruent to 1; however this is false, and first ceases being true at 26861.

A geometric example concerns Moser's circle problem (pictured), which appears to have the solution of ${\displaystyle 2^{n-1}}$ for ${\displaystyle n}$ points, but this pattern breaks at and above ${\displaystyle n=6}$.

See also

• Insensitivity to sample size
• Law of large numbers (unrelated, but the origin of the name)
• Mathematical coincidence
• Pigeonhole principle
• Representativeness heuristic

Notes

1. Guy, Richard K. (1988). "The strong law of small numbers" (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 95 (8): 697–712. doi:10.2307/2322249. JSTOR 2322249.
2. Gardner, Martin (December 1980). "Patterns in primes are a clue to the strong law of small numbers". Mathematical Games. Scientific American. 243 (6): 18–28. JSTOR 24966473.
3. Guy, Richard K. (1990). "The second strong law of small numbers". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (1): 3–20. doi:10.2307/2691503. JSTOR 2691503.

External links

• Caldwell, Chris. "Law of small numbers". The Prime Glossary.
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Strong Law of Small Numbers". MathWorld.
• Carnahan, Scott (2007-10-27). "Small finite sets". Secret Blogging Seminar, notes on a talk by Jean-Pierre Serre on properties of small finite sets.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Amos Tversky; Daniel Kahneman (August 1971). "Belief in the law of small numbers". Psychological Bulletin. 76 (2): 105–110. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.592.3838. doi:10.1037/h0031322. people have erroneous intuitions about the laws of chance. In particular, they regard a sample randomly drawn from a population as highly representative, I.e., similar to the population in all essential characteristics.