Soil Moisture Active Passive

Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) is a NASA environmental monitoring satellite that measures soil moisture across the planet. It is designed to collect a global 'snapshot' of soil moisture every 2 to 3 days. With this frequency, changes from specific storms can be measured while also assessing impacts across seasons of the year.^[5] SMAP was launched on 31 January 2015.^[2] It was one of the first Earth observation satellites developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council's Decadal Survey.^[6][7]

Soil Moisture Active Passive

An artist rendering of the Soil Moisture Active Passive spacecraft.
Mission type	Earth observation
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	2015-003A
SATCAT no.	40376
Website	smap.jpl.nasa.gov
Mission duration	3 years (nominal) [1] Elapsed: 9 years, 9 months, 12 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Launch mass	944 kg
Payload mass	79 kg
Dimensions	1.5 x 0.9 x 0.9 m
Power	1450 watts
Start of mission
Launch date	31 January 2015, 14:22 (2015-01-31UTC14:22) UTC [2]
Rocket	Delta II 7320-10C [3]
Launch site	Vandenberg, SLC-2W
Contractor	United Launch Alliance
Entered service	August 2015
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Sun-synchronous
Perigee altitude	680.9 km
Apogee altitude	683.5 km
Inclination	98.12°
Period	98.5 minutes
Epoch	15 October 2019, 23:39:39 UTC[4]

An animation of SMAP's trajectory around Earth from 31 January 2015 to 19 August 2015:
  SMAP ·   Earth

NASA invested US$916 million in the design, development, launch, and operations of the program.^[8]

An early fault in a radar power supply limited the resolution of the radar data collected from 2015 onwards.

Mission overview

SMAP provides measurements of the land surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state with near-global revisit coverage in 2–3 days. SMAP surface measurements are coupled with hydrologic models to infer soil moisture conditions in the root zone. These measurements enable science applications users to:

1. Understand processes that link the terrestrial water, energy, and carbon cycles.
2. Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface.
3. Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes.
4. Enhance weather and climate forecast skill.
5. Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capability.

SMAP observations are acquired for a period of at least three years after launch, and the 81 kg of propellant that it carries should allow the mission to operate well beyond its design lifetime. A comprehensive validation, science, and the application program are implemented, and all data are publicly available through the NASA archive centers.

Status

In August 2015, scientists completed their initial calibration of the two instruments on board, however, SMAP's radar stopped transmitting 7 July due to an anomaly that was investigated by a team at JPL.^[9] The team identified the anomaly to the power supply for the radar's high-power amplifier.^[10][11] On 2 September 2015, NASA announced that the amplifier failure meant that the radar could no longer return data. The science mission continues with data being returned only by the radiometer instrument.^[12] SMAP's prime mission ended in June 2018. The 2017 Earth Science senior review endorsed the SMAP mission for continued operations through 2020, and preliminarily, through 2023.^[13]

Measurement concept

The SMAP observatory includes a dedicated spacecraft and instrument suite in a near-polar, Sun-synchronous orbit. The SMAP measurement system consists of a radiometer (passive) instrument and a synthetic-aperture radar (active) instrument operating with multiple polarizations in the L-band range. The combined active and passive measurement approach takes advantage of the spatial resolution of the radar and the sensing accuracy of the radiometer.^[14]

The active and passive sensors provide coincident measurements of the surface-emission and backscatter. The instruments sense conditions in the top 5 cm of soil through moderate vegetation cover to yield globally mapped estimates of soil moisture and its freeze-thaw state.

The spacecraft orbits Earth once every 98.5 minutes and repeats the same ground track every eight days.^[8]

Scientific payload

The satellite carries two scientific instruments: a radar and a radiometer, that share a single feed and deployable 6 m reflector antenna system, built by Northrop Grumman,^[1] that rotates around the nadir axis making conical scans of the surface. The wide swath provides near-global revisit every 2–3 days.

SMAP system characteristics

Characteristic	Radar	Radiometer
Frequency	1.2 GHz	1.41 GHz
Polarizations	VV, HH, HV	V, H, U
Resolution	1–3 km[a]	36 km
Antenna diameter	6 m
Rotation rate	14,6 rpm
Incidence angle	40°
Swath width	1000 km
Orbit	Near Polar, Sun-synchronous
Local time des. node	06:00
Local time asc. node	06:00
Altitude	685 km

Auxiliary Payloads

Educational Launch of Nanosatellite X (ELaNa X), consisting of three Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployers containing four CubeSats (three CubeSat missions), mounted on the second stage of the Delta II launch vehicle:^[8]

• ExoCube, a space weather satellite developed by California Polytechnic State University, and sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Cal Poly designed the core-satellite bus, while the scientific payload is supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The University of Wisconsin, at Madison, and Scientific Solutions, Inc. (SSI) are developing the scientific objectives and providing guidance for instrument development. ExoCube measures the density of hydrogen, oxygen, helium, and nitrogen in Earth's upper atmosphere (exosphere and thermosphere) using direct mass spectroscopy measurements. The size of ExoCube is three CubeSat units, or 30 x 10 x 10 cm.^[8]
• GRIFEX, the Geo-cape Roic In-Flight performance Experiment, developed by the University of Michigan's Michigan Exploration Laboratory in partnership with NASA's Earth Science Technology Office and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This is a technology validation mission that performs an engineering assessment of a JPL-developed all digital high-performance focal plane array consisting of an innovative in-pixel analog-to-digital readout integrated circuit. Its high throughput capacity enables the proposed Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) satellite mission concept to make hourly high spatial and spectral resolution measurements of rapidly changing atmospheric chemistry and pollution with the Panchromatic Fourier Transform Spectrometer (PanFTS) instrument in development. GRIFEX advances the technology required for future space-borne measurements of atmospheric composition from geostationary orbit that are relevant to climate change, as well as future missions that require advanced detectors in support of the Earth Science Decadal Survey. The size of GRIFEX is three CubeSat units, or 30 x 10 x 10 cm.^[8]
• FIREBIRD-II (A and B), developed by the University of New Hampshire, Montana State University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Aerospace Corporation. FIREBIRD-II is a two-CubeSat space weather project to resolve the spatial scale, size, and energy dependence of electron microbursts in the Van Allen radiation belts. Relativistic electron microbursts appear as short periods of intense electron precipitation measured by particle detectors on low-altitude spacecraft, seen when their orbits cross magnetic field lines that thread the outer radiation belt. FIREBIRD-II provides dual point radiation belt measurements that offer insight into electron acceleration and loss processes in the outer Van Allen radiation belt. Each of the FIREBIRD CubeSats is 1.5 CubeSat units in size, or 15 x 10 x 10 cm.^[8]

The CubeSat projects are deployed at a minimum of 2,896 seconds after the separation of the Soil Moisture Active Passive observatory, into a 440 x 670 km, 99.12° inclination orbit.^[8]

Program description

SMAP is a directed mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The SMAP project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with participation by the Goddard Space Flight Center. SMAP builds on the heritage and risk reduction activities of NASA's cancelled ESSP Hydros Mission.^[15]

Science and applications

SMAP observations are used to characterize hydrologic and ecosystem processes including land-atmosphere exchanges of water, energy, and carbon.^[16][17][18] Among the users of SMAP data are hydrologists, weather forecasters, climate scientists and agricultural and water resource managers.^[19] Additional users include fire hazard and flood disaster managers, disease control and prevention managers, emergency planners and policy makers.^[19] SMAP soil moisture and freeze-thaw information directly benefit several societal applications areas, including:

Weather and climate forecasting

Initialization of numerical weather prediction models and seasonal climate models with accurate soil moisture information extend forecast lead times and enhance prediction skill.

Drought

SMAP soil moisture information improves the monitoring and forecasting of drought conditions, enabling new capabilities for mitigating drought impacts.

Floods and landslides

Hydrologic forecast systems calibrated and initialized with high-resolution soil moisture fields lead to improved flood forecasts^[20][21] and provide essential information on the potential for landslides.

Agricultural productivity

Soil moisture observations from SMAP lead to improvements in crop yield forecasts and enhance the capabilities of crop water stress decision support systems for agricultural productivity.^[19]

Human health

Improved seasonal soil moisture forecasts directly benefit famine early warning systems. Benefits also are realized through improved predictions of heat stress and virus spread rates, and improved disaster preparation and response.

See also

• Spaceflight portal

• Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite

Notes

1. Over outer 70% of swath

References

1. "SMAP Mission Brochure" (PDF). NASA.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-22. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
2. "NASA SMAP "Here I go!!!!"". NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
3. Ray, Justin (16 July 2012). "NASA gives the Delta 2 rocket a new lease on life". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
4. "SMAP - Orbit". Heavens-Above. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
5. "SMAP Mission Description". NASA JPL. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
6. O'Neill, Peggy; et al. (2010). The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission: Overview. 30th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. 25–30 July 2010. Honolulu, Hawaii. NASA. hdl:2060/20110015242.
7. "Decadal Survey". NASA. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.
8. "Soil Moisture Active Passive Launch" (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
9. Buis, Alan (5 August 2015). "NASA's SMAP Releases First Calibrated Data". NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
10. Buis, Alan (5 August 2015). "SMAP Team Investigating Radar Instrument Anomaly". NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
11. Clark, Stephen (10 August 2015). "NASA troubleshoots radar outage on new SMAP satellite". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
12. Cole, Steve & Buis, Alan (2 September 2015). "NASA Soil Moisture Radar Ends Operations, Mission Science Continues". NASA. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
13. "NASA.gov" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
14. "Instrument". Soil Moisture Active Passive. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
15. Bélair, Stéphane; et al. (20–22 October 2008). Science Plan and Possible Canadian Contributions to the Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) Mission (PDF). International Workshop on Microwave Remote Sensing for Land Hydrology: Research and Applications. Oxnard, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2009. As SMAP was emerging from the ashes of HYDROS in 2007, CSA exchanged with NASA on the possibility of renewing their partnership. CSA, in collaboration with other Canadian Government Departments, is currently developing plans regarding possible scientific and technical contributions to the new mission. The scientific activities would include both government and academic partners.
16. McColl, Kaighin A.; Alemohammad, Seyed Hamed; Akbar, Ruzbeh; Konings, Alexandra G.; Yueh, Simon; Entekhabi, Dara (February 2017). "The global distribution and dynamics of surface soil moisture". Nature Geoscience. 10 (2): 100–104. Bibcode:2017NatGe..10..100M. doi:10.1038/ngeo2868. ISSN 1752-0894.
17. Stahl, Mason O.; McColl, Kaighin A. (2022-08-01). "The Seasonal Cycle of Surface Soil Moisture". Journal of Climate. 35 (15): 4997–5012. Bibcode:2022JCli...35.4997S. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0780.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 247964325.
18. Arthur Endsley, K.; Kimball, John S.; Reichle, Rolf H.; Watts, Jennifer D. (December 2020). "Satellite Monitoring of Global Surface Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics Using the SMAP Level 4 Carbon Product". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 125 (12). Bibcode:2020JGRG..12506100A. doi:10.1029/2020JG006100. ISSN 2169-8953. S2CID 229414978.
19. Buis, Alan (15 October 2014). "NASA Soil Moisture Mapper Arrives at Launch Site". NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
20. Tramblay, Yves; Villarini, Gabriele; Khalki, El Mahdi; Gründemann, Gaby; Hughes, Denis (June 2021). "Evaluation of the Drivers Responsible for Flooding in Africa". Water Resources Research. 57 (6). Bibcode:2021WRR....5729595Y. doi:10.1029/2021WR029595. ISSN 0043-1397. S2CID 236392355.
21. Wasko, Conrad; Nathan, Rory; Peel, Murray C. (March 2020). "Changes in Antecedent Soil Moisture Modulate Flood Seasonality in a Changing Climate". Water Resources Research. 56 (3). Bibcode:2020WRR....5626300W. doi:10.1029/2019WR026300. hdl:11343/264105. ISSN 0043-1397. S2CID 213664765.

External links

• SMAP website at NASA/JPL
• SMAP data at the National Snow and Ice Data Center
• "Technology Innovations Spin NASA's SMAP into Space" Archived 2020-11-08 at the Wayback Machine, article at NASA.gov
• "NASA's New Studies of Earth's Seas, Skies and Soils" Archived 2020-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, article at NASA.gov