Socialist Party USA

This article is about the Socialist Party founded in 1973. For the Socialist Party active from 1901 through 1972, see Socialist Party of America.

The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor); the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split); and SPUSA.

Socialist Party of the United States of America
Chairs	Claudia Miller (SC) Nicholas Partyka (NY)[1]
Vice Chairs	Ren Walstrom (IN) Brian Bittner (MD)[1]
Secretary	Greg Pason
Treasurer	Pat Noble
Editor	Nicholas Partyka
Founded	May 30, 1973; 51 years ago (1973-05-30)
Split from	Social Democrats, USA
Preceded by	Socialist Party of America
Headquarters	168 Canal Street, 6th Floor New York City, New York 10013 (A. J. Muste Institute)
Ideology	Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Anti-capitalism Radical democracy[2]
Political position	Left-wing
Colors	Red
Seats in the Senate	0 / 100
Seats in the House	0 / 435
Governorships	0 / 50
State Upper House Seats	0 / 1,972
State Lower House Seats	0 / 5,411
Local Offices	2 (2024)
Website
www.socialistpartyusa.net
Politics of United States Political parties Elections

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".^[2]

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.

Organization

Pat Noble, National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party

SPUSA is headquartered at the A. J. Muste Institute. As of September 2024^[update], the Socialist Party had 11 local and state parties. Active SPUSA state parties include Michigan, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Inactive state parties include California, Maine, Kansas.^[3]

Membership

In 1975, chairman Frank Zeidler claimed that SPUSA had around 500 members nationwide.^[4] SPUSA saw growth during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, expanding from around 600 members to around 1,700 members.^[5] In 2008, WMNF claimed that SPUSA had around 3,000 members.^[6] However, in 2010, CommonDreams wrote that SPUSA had only 1,000 members, and party members described that as an increase in membership.^[7] In May 2011, The New York Times stated that SPUSA had "about 1,000 members nationally".^[8] In February 2012, The Root stated that SPUSA had "around 1,500" members.^[9][10]

History

Background

See also: Socialist Party of America

In 1958, the Independent Socialist League, led by Max Shachtman, dissolved and joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA), which was founded by Eugene V. Debs.^[11] Shachtman had written that Soviet communism was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population, and therefore he opposed the spread of communism.^[12][13][14] Shachtman argued that democratic socialists should work with labor unions and civil rights organizations to build a social democratic "realignment" of the Democratic Party. "Shachmanites" had a great amount of influence on the SPA.^[13]

In its 1972 convention, the SPA changed its name to Social Democrats, USA by a vote of 73 to 34, supported by both Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman.^[15][16] This rename was meant to be "realistic". The New York Times observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as its candidate for president in the 1956 election, who received only 2,121 votes, in just six states. The majority report noted that the name "party" was "misleading" because the SPA no longer sponsored presidential candidates, and also hindered recruitment of activists who participated in the Democratic Party. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism.^[15] The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.^[17]

The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's Coalition Caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel  H. Friedman.^[18] These minority caucuses all opposed the name change.^[15] The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote.^[18]

Founding

After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee.

The Debs Caucus, led by David McReynolds, formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America.^[19] Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA.^[20]

After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America.^[21] SPUSA elected Frank Zeidler, former Mayor of Milwaukee, as its first national chairperson. Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.^[4]

Subsequent history

In 2008, SPUSA candidate for President Brian Moore vocally opposed the idea that Barack Obama was a socialist of any kind,^[22] saying it was "misleading of the Republicans" to spread that message.^[23]

In 2009, the Socialist Party of Connecticut protested in Hartford against Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan.^[24]

In 2010, SPUSA Co-Chair Billy Wharton called Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address a "public relations ploy".^[25] Wharton criticized the Affordable Care Act as designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies".^[26]

Ideology

SPUSA argues that socialism can only come through social revolution. SPUSA tendencies include both democratic socialism, for a gradual transformation of society, and revolutionary socialism, for a rapid transformation following a slow "socialist transformation from below" through radically democratic "people's organizations".^[2] SPUSA describes socialism as a radically democratic system which "places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," and in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."^[2]

Socialist Party candidates support expanding social spending and social ownership of capital. In 2009, Greg Pason's proposals included socializing the United States health care system, a steeply graduated income tax, universal rent control and the elimination of all educational debts and tuition fees.^[27] In 1997, Pason called auto insurance "a regressive tax against working people".^[28] Moore was also vocal of his support for socialized medicine.^[29] Moore supported economic democracy through social ownership and workers' control of our reigning industrial and financial institutions.^[22]

Election results

SPUSA has fielded electoral candidates for local, state, and federal offices. SPUSA candidates usually run on a SPUSA ballot line, as independent, or as Green Party candidates.

SPUSA has often endorsed members of the Vermont Progressive Party (VPP), such as Peter Diamondstone.^[30] Most of these individuals were members of the Vermont socialist Liberty Union Party, but not members of SPUSA. These endorsees-but-not-members of SPUSA are not included below.

SPUSA has won several local offices, but never a state legislature, statewide, or federal office.

Current elected members

• Pat Noble, member of the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education
• Samantha Pree-Stinson, member of the Minneapolis Board of Estimate and Taxation

Presidential elections

Year	Presidential candidate	Vice presidential candidate	Popular votes	%	Electoral votes	Result	Ballot access	Notes	Ref
2024	Bill Stodden	Stephanie Cholensky	364	0.0%	0	Lost	1 / 51		[31][32]
2020	Howie Hawkins	Angela Nicole Walker	405,034	0.3%	0	Lost	29 / 51	[a]	[33]
2016	Mimi Soltysik	Angela Nicole Walker	4,061	0.00%	0	Lost	3 / 51		[34]
2012	Stewart Alexander	Alejandro Mendoza	4,430	0.00%	0	Lost	3 / 51		[35][36]
2008	Brian Moore	Stewart Alexander	6,581	0.01%	0	Lost	8 / 51		[37][38]
2004	Walt Brown	Mary Alice Herbert	10,822	0.01%	0	Lost	8 / 51		[39]
2000	David McReynolds	Mary Cal Hollis	5,602	0.01%	0	Lost	7 / 51		[40][41]
1996	Mary Cal Hollis	Eric Chester	4,764	0.01%	0	Lost	5 / 51		[42][43]
1992	J. Quinn Brisben	Barbara Garson	3,057	0.00%	0	Lost	4 / 51		[44][45]
1988	Willa Kenoyer	Ron Ehrenreich	3,882	0.00%	0	Lost	6 / 51		[46][47]
1980	David McReynolds	Diane Drufenbrock	6,898	0.01%	0	Lost	10 / 51		[48][49]
1976	Frank Zeidler	J. Quinn Brisben	6,038	0.01%	0	Lost	7 / 51		[50][51]

In the 1984 presidential election, SPUSA nominated the Citizens Party candidate for president, Sonia Johnson.

In the 2020 presidential election, the SPUSA nominated the Green Party nominee Howie Hawkins for president. Hawkins also received various state-level party endorsements, such as the Liberty Union Party in Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.^[52]

Congressional elections

Year	Candidate	Chamber	State	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2016	Jarrod Williams	Senate	Nevada	At-Large	6,888	0.62%	Lost	ran as Independent	[53][54][55]
2014	Susan Purviance	House	Ohio	9th	n/a	0%	Lost	write-in	[56][57]
2012	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	2,249	0.07%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[58][59][60][61]
2010	Dan La Botz	Senate	Ohio	At-Large	26,454	0.69%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[62][30]
2008	Todd Vachon	House	Connecticut	2	15	0%	Lost	write-in	[30]
2008	Marc Luzietti	House	Florida	20	9	0%	Lost	write-in	[30]
2008	Jean Treacy	House	Michigan	1st	2,669	0.81%	Lost	ran as Green	[63][64][30]
2006	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	2,490	0.1%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[65][66]
2006	Willie Norwood	House	New Jersey	2nd	385	0.21%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[65][66]
2006	Willie Norwood	House	Massachusetts	1st	n/a	0%	Lost	write-in	[67]
2004	Lisa Weltman	House	Michigan	14th	2,224	0.87%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][68][69]
2004	Greg Pason	House	New Jersey	5th	574	0.19%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[69][66]
2004	Costantino Rozzo	House	New Jersey	2nd	595	0.22%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[69][66]
2004	Walt Brown	House	Oregon	3rd	10,678	3.08%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[69]
2004	Dorman Hayes	House	Rhode Island	2nd	3,303	1.59%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[69]
2002	Willie Norwood	House	Massachusetts	1st	n/a	0%	Lost	write-in	[67]
2002	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	2,702	0.13%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[70][66]
2002	Costantino Rozzo	House	New Jersey	2nd	771	0.46%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[70][66]
2002	Walt Brown	House	Oregon	3rd	6,588	2.80%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[70]
2000	Greg Pason	Senate	New Jersey	At-Large	3,365	0.11%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[71][72][66]
2000	Costantino Rozzo	House	New Jersey	2nd	788	0.34%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[71][66]
2000	Walt Brown	House	Oregon	3rd	4,703	1.73%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[71]
2000	David Duemler	House	Oregon	4th	421	0.14%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[71]
1994	Greg Pason	House	New Jersey	9th	1,490	0.93%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[73][74]

Statewide elections

Year	Candidate	Office	State	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2020	Robin Laurain	University Trustee	Michigan State University	At-Large	74,495	0.76%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][75][76]
2018	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	9,706	3.6%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
2016	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	29,711	10.4%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
2014	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	17,460	10.3%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
2014	Adam Adrianson	University Trustee	Michigan State University	At-Large	33,914	0.62%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][78][56]
2013	Maynor Moreno	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	n/a	0%	Lost	write-in	[56]
2012	Dwain Reynolds	Board of Education	Michigan	At-Large	66,123	0.81%	Lost	ran as Green	[63][79][60]
2012	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	34,105	13.1%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[80][81][77]
2010	Diana Demers	University Regent	University of Michigan	At-Large	80,365	1.41%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][82]
2009	Greg Pason	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	2,085	0.09%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[83][84]
2008	Dwain Reynolds	Board of Education	Michigan	At-Large	94,663	1.12%	Lost	ran as Green	[63][64]
2006	Jacob Woods	Board of Education	Michigan	At-Large	60,684	0.91%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][85]
2006	Mary Alice Herbert	Governor	Vermont	At-Large	2,995	1.2%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
2005	Costantino Rozzo	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	2,078	0.09%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[66][86]
2004	Ben Burgis	University Trustee	Michigan State University	At-Large	75,047	0.92%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][68]
2001	Costantino Rozzo	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	1,537	0.07%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[66][87]
1997	Greg Pason	Governor	New Jersey	At-Large	2,800	0.12%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[88]
1996	Mary Alice Herbert	Governor	Vermont	At-Large	4,156	1.6%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
1994	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	9,368	4.6%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
1992	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	21,161	8.0%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]
1990	Mary Alice Herbert	Secretary of State	Vermont	At-Large	14,555	7.4%	Lost	ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate	[77]

State legislature elections

Year	Candidate	Office	State	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2020	Jonny Meade	House	Washington	22nd	3,000	5.14%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[89][76]
2020	Rick Sauermilch	House	Michigan	110th	543	1.21%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][75][76]
2018	Matt Kuehnel	House	Michigan	22nd	999	3.3%	Lost	a libertarian socialist who ran as a Libertarian Party candidate	[63][90][91]
2018	Maia Dendinger	Senate	Maine	5th	1,109	7.1%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[92][93]
2018	David Elliot Pritt	House	West Virginia	32nd	2,384	6.04%	Lost	ran as a Mountain Party candidate	[94]
2016	Seth Baker	Senate	Maine	27th	3,712	16.7%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[95][54]
2016	Michael Anderson	House	Michigan	70th	1,584	4.8%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][54][96]
2014	Mimi Soltysik	California State Assembly	California	62nd	922[b]	2.5%	Lost	ran as No Party Preference	[56]
2012	Alex Mendoza	House	Texas	65th	6,763	19.06%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[97]
2012	Alex Mendoza	House	Texas	65th	1,224	2.31%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[98]
2012	Jeff Peress	Assembly	New York	13th	395	0.74%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[99][56]
2012	John Longhurst	House	Michigan	106th	1,178	2.51%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][79][60]
2012	Sean Haggard	House	Michigan	54th	0	0%	Lost	write-in	[63][79][60]
2012	Ron Haldeman	House	Indiana	94th	752	3.35%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[100][60]
2012	John Strinka	House	Indiana	39th	2,862	9.8%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[100][60]
2008	Matt Erard	House	Michigan	53rd	2,200	4.55%	Lost	ran as Green	[63][64][30]
2008	Jon Osborne	Senate	Rhode Island	34th	2,494	21.6%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[101][30]
2006	Matt Erard	House	Michigan	53rd	847	2.51%	Lost	ran as Independent	[63][85]
2006	Jeff Brindle	Assembly	Pennsylvania	26th	2,873	17.33%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[102]
2005	Sharon Chiorazzo	Assembly	New Jersey	2nd	832	0.77%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[66][103]
2005	Willie Norwood	Assembly	New Jersey	10th	665	0.61%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[66][103]
2005	Scott Baier	Assembly	New Jersey	2nd	584	0.46%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[103]
1982	William Shakalis	Senate	Massachusetts	Suffolk and Middlesex	4,417	12.3%	Lost	ran as SPUSA candidate	[104][67]

Local elections

Year	Candidate	Office	City	District	Votes	%	Result	Notes	Ref
2024	Joshua Bradley	City Council	Raleigh	At-Large	26,727	7.7%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[105][106][107]
2022	Joshua Bradley	City Council	Raleigh	At-Large	18,143	6.9%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[105][106]
2022	Sonya Emerick	Board of Education	Minneapolis	At-Large district	52,365	25.43%	Won	nonpartisan election, elect 2	[108][109]
2022	Troy Thompson	Mayor	Floodwood	At-Large	51	31.5%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[110]
2021	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		1,893	99.2%	Won	nonpartisan election, uncontested	[111]
2021	Samantha Pree-Stinson	Board of Estimate and Taxation	Minneapolis	At-Large	25,547[c]	26.8%	Won	nonpartisan election, elect 2, ranked-choice voting (single transferable vote)	[112][113]
2020	Adriana Cerrillo	Board of Education	Minneapolis	4th district	15,935	50.06%	Won	nonpartisan election	[114][115][116][76]
2020	Andy Argo	Public Library Trustee	Kalamazoo	At-Large	15,965	14.6%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[117]
2020	David Robbins	City Council	Redding				Lost		[76]
2019	Joshua Bradley	City Council	Raleigh	A	10.4	10.4%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[105][106]
2019	Andy Argo	City Commissioner	Kalamazoo	At-Large	1,449	5.7%	Lost	nonpartisan election, elect 3	[118][119][76]
2018	Andrew Saturn	Public Utility Commissioner	Thurston County		41,664	41.7%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[120][121]
2018	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		2,539	98.6%	Won	nonpartisan election, uncontested	[122]
2018	Reuben Dendinger	City Council	Orono				Lost		[93]
2018	Maia Dendinger	City Council	Orono				Lost		[93]
2018	Reuben Dendinger	Sheriff	Los Angeles County				Lost		[93]
2017	Chris DiLoreto	Peterborough Library Trustee	Hillsborough County				Lost		[123]
2017	Allen Braun	City Council	Bangor				Lost		[123]
2017	Chelsea Rustad	City Council	Tumwater	5	1,153	26.36%	Lost	nonpartisan	[123][124]
2015	Jeff Peress	County Assembly	Dutchess County, New York	23rd	206	13.72%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[125][126]
2015	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		1,103	98.6%	Won	nonpartisan election, uncontested	[127]
2012	Joel Benavidez	Justice of the Peace	Bexar County	2nd	4,843	3.09%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[128]
2012	Pat Noble	Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education	Monmouth County		1,187	53.6%	Won	nonpartisan election	[129][130][131][60]
2012	Troy Thompson	Mayor	Floodwood	At-Large	60	26.9%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[132]
2011	Matt Erard	Downtown District Citizens District Council	Detroit	At-Large			Won	nonpartisan election	[133]
2011	Peter Ponzetti	Board of Education	Grand Blanc	At-Large	424	10.8%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[134][135]
2011	Edgar Brandon Collins	City Council	Charlottesville City	Charlottesville	1,480	7.5%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[136][135]
2010	Jon Osborne	Town Council	Hopkinton	At-Large	1,597	14.3%	Won	ran as Independent, elect 5	[137]
2010	James Arnoldi	Board of Governors	Wayne State University	At-Large	46,757	0.84%	Lost	ran as Green candidate	[63][82]
2008	Peter Moody	Borough Council	Madison				Lost	write-in	[30]
2004	Carl Williams	Board of Trustees	Oakland Community College				Lost		[138]
2003	Bert Zipperer	Mayor	Madison	At-Large	6,610	16.22%	Lost	nonpartisan election, first-round	[139]
2000	Wendell Harris	Mayor	Milwaukee	At-Large	7,624	18.3%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[140]
1995	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	5,307	52.6%	Won	nonpartisan election	[141][142][143]
1991	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	6,380	80%	Won	nonpartisan election	[141][142][144]
1989	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	3,519	50.7%	Won	nonpartisan election	[141][142][145]
1987	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	2,645	48%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[141][142][146]
1985	Karen Kubby	City Council	Iowa City	At-Large	1,974	43%	Lost	nonpartisan election	[141][142][147]

National conventions

Name	Location	Date	Notes
2023 National Convention	Virtual	October 20-22, 2023	Organizer issue
2021 National Convention	Virtual	October 22-24, 2021	Organizer issue
2019 National Convention	Newark, New Jersey	October 25-27, 2019	Organizer issue
2017 National Convention	New York City, New York	October 25-27, 2017	Organizer issue
2015 National Convention	Milwaukee, Wisconsin	October 16-18, 2015	Organizer issue
2013 National Convention	New York City, New York	October 25-27, 2013	Organizer issue
2011 National Convention	Los Angeles, California	October 14-16, 2011	Organizer issue
2009 National Convention		October 9-11, 2009	Organizer issue
2007 National Convention	St. Louis, Missouri	October 19-21, 2007	Organizer issue

See also

• Democratic Socialists of America
• Social Democrats, USA
• Green Party of the United States
• Socialist Party of America
• Socialist Alternative (United States)
• History of left-wing politics in the United States
• History of the socialist movement in the United States

Notes

1. Hawkins/Walker was also nominated by the Green Party and appeared on various ballots as either Green or independent
2. First-round primary vote
3. First-round votes

References

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13. Drucker (1994):

    Drucker, Peter (1994). Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century". Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-03816-8.
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    The New York Times reported on the Convention for other days, e.g.

    • Johnston, Laurie (December 31, 1972). "Young Socialists support Meany; Group urges the Democrats to join labor movement". The New York Times. p. 36.
    • Johnston, Laurie (December 28, 1972). "Young Socialists defeat motion favoring recognition of Cuba". The New York Times. p. 15. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017.
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20. Busky 2000, pp. 164.
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References

• Smallwood, Frank (1983). The Other Candidates: Third Parties in Presidential Elections. University Press of New England. p. 317. ISBN 0-87451-256-5. 6,898 David McReynolds David McReynolds.
• Presidential Elections since 1789. Congressional Quarterly. 1991. p. 248. ISBN 0-87187-609-4.
• Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic socialism: A global survey. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-96886-3.^{[independent source needed]}
• Freeman, Joe (2008). We Will be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7425-5607-2. 3,882 Willa Kenoyer Willa Kenoyer.

Further reading

• David A. Epstein, Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. 2008.
• Alan Feuer, "Inside Socialist Party Headquarters". The New York Times. October 20, 2008.
• R. W. Tucker, "The Debs Caucus: A Party Within a Party". Madison, WI. Socialist Party of Wisconsin. December 1970.

External links

• Official website
• The Radical Pamphlet Collection at the Library of Congress contains materials from the Socialist Party of the United States of America.
• Constitution of the Socialist Party USA
• SPUSA platform
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