Loading AI tools
1684 siege between the forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The siege of Santa Maura took place on 21 July – 6 August 1684 between the forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and was the opening battle of the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War. From his base at Corfu the Venetian commander-in-chief, Francesco Morosini, led a fleet of 38 galleys, 8 galleasses and several auxiliary vessels to besiege the Fortress of Santa Maura on the island of Lefkada (also known as Santa Maura), that was under Ottoman rule. The besieging forces were swelled by Greek levies and volunteers from the Ionian Islands. The siege lasted until 6 August, when the commander Bekir Agha, bowing to pressure from the 500 Albanians and 200 Greeks in the fortress garrison, surrendered to the Venetians.
Siege of Santa Maura | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War and the War of the Holy League | |||||||
![]() Engraving of the castle's bombardment by the Venetian fleet (Jacob Peeters, 1686) | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Republic of Venice | Ottoman Empire | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Francesco Morosini | Bekir Agha | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
38 galleys 8 galleasses 22 sailing ships | Unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown | Unknown |
The island of Lefkada, located close to the mainland coast of Epirus, was originally accorded to the Republic of Venice in the treaty of partition of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, but this never materialized, as the island became part of the Despotate of Epirus,[1] and later of the county palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.[2] From the late 13th century on, the island and its principal fortified settlement were known by the name Santa Maura (Αγία Μαύρα).[3] Lefkada fell under the domination of the Ottoman Empire in 1479, in the immediate aftermath of the First Ottoman–Venetian War, when the Ottoman admiral Gedik Ahmed Pasha captured the last possessions of the Tocco family, which along with the county palatine had ruled much of Epirus.[4] The Venetians briefly occupied the island in 1502–03, during the Second Ottoman–Venetian War, but returned it to the Ottomans in the final peace settlement.[2][5] In the aftermath of the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Lepanto, the castle was unsuccessfully besieged by the forces of the Holy League. As a result, it was completely rebuilt and enlarged by the Kapudan Pasha Kılıç Ali Pasha in 1572–1574.[6] The new fortress was in the shape of an irregular hexagon, some 220 metres (720 ft) to 150 metres (490 ft) at its widest, and featured nine large round cannon bastions. The original medieval fortress was retained as a citadel on the northeastern corner of the fortress.[7]
Upon the outbreak of the Morean War in 1684, the Venetians held the initiative, as the Ottomans were preoccupied against the Habsburg forces in Central Europe and their fleet was in a poor state,[8][9] but the Venetians also did not have a clear strategy, with the Venetian government leaving the choice to its commander-in-chief, the Captain General of the Sea, Francesco Morosini, and his war council.[10] Lefkada became the first target of the Venetian fleet by accident: Morosini's main political rival, Girolamo Cornaro, had been appointed as Provveditore Generale da Mar,[11] and tried to pre-empt the arrival of Morosini and his expeditionary fleet at Corfu with a spectacular feat of his own. Encouraged by letters from the local Greek population, he intended to seize the castle of Santa Maura, which he believed to be lightly defended. With a small force he sailed from Corfu to the island, but finding the fortress strongly garrisoned, he turned back without attempting a landing.[12][13] As a result of this misadventure, Cornaro was sidelined for the first year of the war, during which he served as governor of the Ionian Islands, before he was appointed to command in Dalmatia in late 1685.[14]
Despite Cornaro's failure, Morosini and his war council decided to repeat the attempt, given that the season was already too advanced for anything more ambitious, and that at least use of Lefkada would be thus denied to the Barbary corsairs allied with the Ottomans.[15][16] The fleet, comprising 38 galleys, six galleasses, and 22 sailing men-of-war, departed Corfu on 18 July, arriving at Lefkada two days later and disembarking troops on the mainland across from the fortress.[17] Located on a long and narrow spit projecting towards the nearby mainland, and protected to the south by marshes, the fortress was separated from the mainland and the island itself by a wide moat, and accessible only over wooden bridges leading to the western and eastern gates.[18] There was also a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long aqueduct that brought water from island's interior to the town that grew up in and around the fortress, built in 1564.[19]
As a result of its location, an assault on the fortress had thus to be carried out from both the mainland (eastern) and island (western) sides simultaneously.[20] Accordingly, Morosini divided his forces: on the mainland he deployed the Maron, Mirabaldo, and Bianchi regiments, along with the Maltese and Papal allies and the Albanian auxiliaries, and on the island the Gabrielu, Catti, and Tasson regiments, along with the Tuscan troops and the Croat auxiliaries.[20] On the 21st, the Greek pirate Stathis Manetas arrived with 150 of his men, as well as Colonel Giovanni-Battista Metaxa with 2,000 Greeks from the Venetian-ruled Ionian Islands.[20][21] On the same day, the Ottoman garrison commander, Bekir Agha, rejected terms for surrender, and the siege began.[20]