Santur

This article is about the Persian instrument. For the Indian instrument, see Santoor.

"Santouri" redirects here. For the film, see Santouri (film).

The santur (also santūr, santour, santoor) (Persian: سنتور), is a hammered dulcimer of Iranian origins.^[1][2]

Santur

String
Classification	Stringed, Struck
Playing range
Related instruments
Hammered dulcimer
Sound sample
Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur by Faramarz Payvar.

History

The archetype of the instrument carried horizontally and struck with two sticks, found in iconographical documents in ancient Babylon (1600-911 BCE) and Neo-Assyria (911-612 BCE).
String instrument
Classification	Struck
Related instruments
Qanun

Woman playing a santur, early 19th century, in Qajar Iran.

The santur was invented and developed in the area of Iran. "The earliest sign of it comes from Assyrian and Babylonian stone carvings (669 B.C.); it shows the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck" (35). This instrument was traded and traveled to different parts of the Middle East. Musicians modified the original design over the centuries, yielding a wide array of musical scales and tunings. The original santur was likely made with wood and stone and strung with goat intestines. According to Habib Hasan Touma, the Babylonian santur was the ancestor of the harp, the yangqin, the harpsichord, the qanun, the cimbalom, and the hammered dulcimers.^[3]

Name

The name 'santur' may come from Persian sanṭīr, a borrowing of the Greek ψαλτήριον 'psalterion'.^[4] The Biblical Aramaic form psantērīn is found in the Book of Daniel 3:5.

Description

The oval-shaped mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index, and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of nine bridges, providing a range of approximately three diatonic octaves. The mezrabs are made out of wood with tips that may or may not be wrapped with cotton or felt.

The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper, while the left-hand strings are made of steel. A total of 18 bridges divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge cross four strings tuned in unison, spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle, and higher octave called behind the left bridges comprising 27 tones altogether. The top "F" note is repeated twice, creating a total of 25 separate tones on the santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones which are designated into 12 modes (dastgahs) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgahs are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.^[5]

Derivations

Similar musical instruments have been present since medieval times all over the world, including Armenia, China, Greece, India, etc. The Indian santoor is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently and played with a different technique. The eastern European version of the santur called the cimbalom, which is much larger and chromatic, is used to accompany Hungarian folk music, Eastern European Jewish music, and Slavic music, as well as Romani music.^[6]

Iraqi santur

Typical Iraqi santur

Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur

The Iraqi santur (also santour, santoor) (Arabic: سنطور) is a hammered dulcimer of Mesopotamian origin.^[2] It is a trapezoid box zither with a walnut body and 92 steel (or bronze) strings. The strings, tuned to the same pitch in groups of four, are struck with two wooden mallets called "midhrab". The tuning of these 23 sets of strings extends from the lower yakah (G) up to jawab jawab husayni (A). The bridges are called dama ("chessmen" in Iraqi Arabic) because they look like pawns. It is native to Iraq, Syria, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Greece (the Aegean coasts) and Azerbaijan.^{[citation needed]}

It and the joza are the main instruments used in the classical Iraqi Maqam tradition.^[7] The instrument was brought to Europe by the Arabs through North Africa and Spain during the Middle Ages and also to China where it was referred to as the "foreign qin".^[3]

The Iraqi santur has, since its inception, been fully chromatic, allowing for full maqam modulations. It uses 12 bridges of steel strings on both sides. Three of these bridges are movable: B half flat qaraar, E half flat, and B half flat jawaab. The non-standard version of the Iraqi santur includes extra bridges so that there's no need to move those three bridges. However, playing it is a bit harder than playing the standard 12-bridge santur.^[3]

Notable players

Iran

• Abol Hassan Saba
• Amir Aghasi
• Manoochehr Sadeghi
• Faramarz Payvar
• Mohammad Heydari
• Parviz Meshkatian
• Majid Kiani^[8]
• Ahad Behjat
• Nasser Rastegar-Nejad
• Masoud Rezaei Nejad
• Milad Kiayie
• Mohsen Gholami
• Omid Tahmasebpour
• Mohammad Sadeq Khan^[9]
• Ali Akbar Shahi^[10]
• Hassan Khan^[11]
• Hussein Malek^[12]
• Habib Soma’i^[13]
• Reza Varzandeh^[14]
• Reza Shafieian^[15]
• Mansur Sarami^[16]
• Masoud Shaari^[17]
• Siamak Aghayi
• Sourena Sefati
• Mohammad Santour Khan^[18]
• Daryoush Safvat^[19]
• Jalal Akhbari^[20]
• Pouya Saraei
• Ardavan Kamkar
• Pejman Azarmina
• Pashang Kamkar
• Peyman Heydarian
• Kourosh Zolani
• Arfa Atrai^[21]
• Azar Hashemi^[22]
• Susan Aslani^[23]
• Manijeh Ali Pour^[24]
• Hayaf Yassine
• Masoud Malek
• Kioomars Musayyebi

Iraq

Notable players of the Iraqi santur include:^[25]

• Abdallah Ali (1929–1998)
• Akram Al Iraqi
• Amir ElSaffar^[26]
• Azhar Kubba
• Bahir Hashem Al Rajab
• Basil al-Jarrah
• Ghazi Mahsub al-Azzawi
• Hugi Salih Rahmain Pataw (1848–1933)^[27]
• Hashim Al Rajab
• Hala Bassam
• Hammudi Ali al-Wardi
• Haj Hashim Muhammad Rajab al-Ubaydi (1921–2003)
• Hendrin Hikmat (1974–)
• Heskel Shmuli Ezra (1804–1894)
• Mohamed Abbas
• Muhammad Salih al-Santurchi (18th century)
• Muhammad Zaki Darwish al-Samarra'i (1955–)^[28]
• Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Tawfiq
• Qasim Muhammad Abd (1969–)
• Rahmatallah Safa'i
• Sa'ad Abd al-Latif al-Ubaydi
• Sabah Hashim
• Saif Walid al-Ubaydi
• Salman Enwiya
• Salman Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (1900–1950)
• Sha'ul Dawud Bassun (19th century)
• Shummel Salih Shmuli (1837–1915)
• Wesam al-Azzawy (1960–)^[29][30][31]
• Yusuf Badros Aslan (1844–1929)
• Yusuf Hugi Pataw (1886–1976)^[27]

Greece

Players of the Greek Santouri include:

• Tasos Diakogiorgis
• Aristidis Moschos
• Nikos Kalaintzis
• Marios Papadeas
• Ourania Lambropoulou

India

Notable players of the Indian santoor include:

• Ulhas Bapat (1950–2018)
• Tarun Bhattacharya (b. 1957)
• Rahul Sharma (b. 1972)
• Shivkumar Sharma (1938–2022)
• Abhay Sopori
• Bhajan Sopori (1948c2022)
• R. Visweswaran (1944–2007)
• Varsha Agrawal (b. 1967)^[32]
• Mohammad Tibet Baqal (1914–1982)^[33]
• Harjinder Pal Singh (b. 1953)^[34]
• Sandip Chatterjee

Germany

• Bee Seavers, disciple of Shivkumar Sharma (see above)^[35]

Poland

• Jarosław Niemiec

Turkey

• Santuri Ethem Bey composer of Sehnaz Longa

Lebanon

• Hayaf Yassine
• Bilal Bittar
• Issam FAYAD
• Marcel Ghrayeb
• Hady Zaccour
• Ashraf Yassine

From around the world

Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the cimbalom is played and has been used by a number of classical composers, including Zoltán Kodály, Igor Stravinsky, and Pierre Boulez, and more recently, in a different musical context, by Blue Man Group. The khim is the name of both the Thai and the Khmer hammered dulcimer. The Chinese yangqin is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in Persia. The santur and santoor are found in the Middle East and India, respectively.

Afghanistan – santur Armenian - սանթուր (sant'ur) Azerbaijan – santur Austria – Hackbrett Belarus – Цымбалы (tsymbaly) Belgium – hakkebord Brazil – saltério Cambodia – khim Catalonia – saltiri China – 扬琴 (yangqin) Croatian – cimbal, cimbale Czech Republic – cimbál Denmark – hakkebræt France – tympanon Germany – Hackbrett Greece – santouri Hungary – cimbalom India – santoor

Iran – santur Iraq – santur Ireland – tiompan Italy – salterio Korea – yanggeum 양금 Laos – khim Latgalia (Latvia) – cymbala Latvia – cimbole Lithuania – cimbalai, cimbolai Mongolia – ёочин yoochin Netherlands – hakkebord Norway – hakkebrett Pakistan – santur Poland – cymbały Portugal – saltério Romania – ţambal

Russia – цимбалы tsimbaly, Дульцимер (dultsimer) Serbia – цимбал (tsimbal) Slovakia – cimbal Slovenia – cimbale, oprekelj Spain (and Spanish-speaking countries) – salterio, dulcémele Sweden – hackbräde, hammarharpa Switzerland – Hackbrett Tajikistan – сантур, santur Thailand – khim Turkey – santur Ukraine – Цимбали tsymbaly United Kingdom – hammered dulcimer United States – hammered dulcimer Uzbekistan – chang Vietnam – đàn tam thập lục (lit. '36 strings') Yiddish – tsimbl

See also

• Persian traditional music

Gallery

• Santur related pictures
• 
  Ali Bahrami-Fard playing in Vahdat Hall
• 
  Chalghi santur player playing on a non-standard Iraqi santur
• 
  Santur hand position
• Santur technique