Rouran Khaganate
330–550 AD Proto-Mongolic state / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Rouran Khaganate (柔然; Róurán), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan (蠕蠕; Ruǎnruǎn) (or variously Jou-jan, Ruruan, Ju-juan, Ruru, Ruirui, Rouru, Rouruan or Tantan)[6][7] was a tribal confederation and later state founded by a people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin.[8][9] The Rouran supreme rulers used the title of "khagan", a popular title borrowed from the Xianbei.[10] The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century, when they were defeated by a Göktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of the Turks in world history.
Rouran Khaganate | |||||||||||||
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330 AD–555 AD | |||||||||||||
Status | Khaganate | ||||||||||||
Capital | Ting northwest of Gansu[1] Mumocheng[1] | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Mongolic (Rouran & Mongolian)[2] Old Turkic Middle Chinese(diplomacy)[3] | ||||||||||||
Religion | Tengrism Shamanism Buddhism | ||||||||||||
Khagan | |||||||||||||
• 330 AD | Mugulü | ||||||||||||
• 555 AD | Yujiulü Dengshuzi | ||||||||||||
Legislature | Kurultai | ||||||||||||
Historical era | Late antiquity | ||||||||||||
• Established | 330 AD | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 555 AD | ||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||
405[4][5] | 2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
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Today part of | China Kazakhstan Mongolia Russia |
Rouran | |||||||||||||||
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Chinese | 柔然 | ||||||||||||||
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Ruru or Ruanruan | |||||||||||||||
Chinese | 蠕蠕 | ||||||||||||||
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Ruru | |||||||||||||||
Chinese | 茹茹 | ||||||||||||||
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Ruirui | |||||||||||||||
Chinese | 芮芮 | ||||||||||||||
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Rouru or Rouruan | |||||||||||||||
Chinese | 蝚蠕 | ||||||||||||||
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Tantan | |||||||||||||||
Chinese | 檀檀 | ||||||||||||||
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Their Khaganate overthrown, some Rouran remnants possibly became Tatars[11][12] while others possibly migrated west and became the Pannonian Avars (known by such names as Varchonites or Pseudo Avars), who settled in Pannonia (centred on modern Hungary) during the 6th century.[13] These Avars were pursued into the Byzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them. While this Rouran-Avars link remains a controversial theory, a recent DNA study has confirmed the genetic origins of the Avar elite as originating from the Mongolian plains.[14] Other theories instead link the origins of the Pannonian Avars to peoples such as the Uar.
An imperial confederation, the Rouran Khaganate was based on the "distant exploitation of agrarian societies", although according to Nikolay Kradin the Rouran had a feudal system, or "nomadic feudalism". The Rouran controlled trade routes, and raided and subjugated oases and outposts such as Gaochang. They are said to have shown the signs of "both an early state and a chiefdom". The Rouran have been credited as "a band of steppe robbers", because they adopted a strategy of raids and extortion of Northern China. The Khaganate was an aggressive militarized society, a "military-hierarchical polity established to solve the exclusively foreign-policy problems of requisitioning surplus products from neighbouring nations and states."[1]