Roman architectural revolution

"Concrete revolution" redirects here. Not to be confused with Concrete Revolutio.

The Roman architectural revolution, also known as the concrete revolution,^[2] is the name sometimes given to the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault, and dome. For the first time in Europe, possibly in the world (earlier experiments with arches in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia notwithstanding), the potential of these elements was fully appreciated and exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings, and military facilities.^[3] Throughout the Roman empire, from Syria to Scotland, engineers erected structures using semicircular arches. The first use of arches was for civic structures, like drains and city gates. Later the arches were utilized for major civic buildings bridges and aqueducts, with the outstanding 1st century AD examples provided by the Colosseum, Pont Du Gard, and the aqueduct of Segovia.^[4] The introduction of the ceremonial triumphal arch dates back to Roman republic, although the best examples are from the imperial times (Arch of Augustus at Susa, Arch of Titus).^[4]

The Roman Pantheon had the largest dome in the world for more than a millennium and is the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome to this day^[1]

A crucial factor in this development that saw a trend to monumental architecture was the invention of Roman concrete (also called opus caementicium), which led to the liberation of the shape from the dictate of the traditional materials of stone and brick.^[5]

For the first time in recorded history we find evidence of an interest in the shapes of the space contained strong enough to outweigh the functional logic of the masonry masses that contained it. There was nothing new in the employment of curvilinear or polygonal forms, as such...But in so far as such buildings incorporated curvilinear or polygonal rooms and corridors, the shapes of these were determined by the form of the building as a whole, not by any aesthetic principle.^[5]

The development of Roman architecture, however, did not remain limited to these new forms and materials. An unrelated process of architectural innovation continued unabated, which, although less conspicuous, proved their usefulness for solving structural problems and found their way permanently into Western architecture, such as the lintel arch, the independent corbel, and the metal-tie.^[6]

The Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome

During the Age of Augustus, almost the entire city of Rome was rebuilt causing an influx of craftsman and architects from all across Europe. Emperor Augustus aimed to develop new ideas in the construction of his buildings that would forever defy the limits that were ever thought possible. The Mausoleum in Campus Martius was one of the major monuments built by Augustus during his reign that was made almost entirely of concrete using updated construction techniques. The concrete is used in concentric rings that support the structure of the building like walls. The Theatre of Marcellus was another concrete triumph completed during the Age of Augustus, dedicated to the nephew of the emperor. The brick-faced concrete structure construction started under Julius Caesar but was completed under Augustus. It was this building that shows the integration of new concrete building techniques of Augustus's architects as opposed to those of Caesar.^[7] The Theatre of Marcellus uses a variety of materials that aid in the growth of the concrete revolution using readily available volcanic stones such as Tuscolo tuff and Tufo Lionato as aggregates in pozzolanic concretes.

These newly concocted recipes for concrete provided durability to walls and barrelled vaults as well as a unique aesthetic appeal. The integrated stone and masonry design illustrate a refinement that came with the concrete revolution as a result of the new techniques and styles developed under Augustus. The craftsmanship of the Theatre Marcellus demonstrated a skilled employment as well as rigorous technical supervision.^[8]

The revolution reached its apogee in the architecture of Hadrian who instigated a burst of enormous inventiveness in many buildings, such as Hadrian's Villa, the Pantheon, Rome, the so-called temples and the villa of Pisoni at Baiae. These buildings are considered masterpieces of architecture, making use of striking curved shapes enabled by extensive use of concrete.^[9] They were ingenious for the complex and distinctive ground plans. His architecture is also noted for other important innovations, including segmented domes sometimes raised on drums which included windows. .

See also

• Ancient Rome portal

• Ancient Roman architecture
• Roman engineering
• Roman technology
• Pozzolanic reaction

Footnotes

1. The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete
2. DeLaine 1990, p. 407; Rook 1992, pp. 18f.; Gardner 2005, p. 170
3. Robertson 1969, p. 231.
4. Woodman & Bloom 2003, Ancient Greece and Rome.
5. Ward-Perkins 1956, p. 219
6. DeLaine 1990, p. 407
7. Sear, Frank (1983). Roman Architecture. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 49-68.
8. Jackson, M.D. (2011). "Building Materials of the Theatre of Marcellus, Rome". Archaeometry. 53 (4): 728–742. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00570.x.
9. Jacobson, David M. “Hadrianic Architecture and Geometry.” American Journal of Archaeology 90, no. 1 (1986): 69–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/505986.

References

• Ball, Larry (2003), The Domus Aurea and the Roman Architectural Revolution, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82251-0
• Brown, Frank (1961), Roman Architecture, George Braziller, pp. 25–31, ISBN 978-08076-0156-3
• DeLaine, Janet (1990), "Structural Experimentation: The Lintel Arch, Corbel and Tie in Western Roman Architecture", World Archaeology, 21 (3): 407–424 (407), doi:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116
• Gardner, Helen (2005), Gardner's Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective, Wadsworth Publishing, p. 170, ISBN 978-0-495-00479-0
• Jackson, M. D.; Ciancio Rossetto, P.; Kosso, C. K.; Buonfiglio, M.; Marra, F. (2011), "Building Materials of the Theatre of Marcellus, Rome", Archaeometry, 53 (4): 728–742, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00570.x
• Lechtman, H. N.; Hobbs, L. W. (1987), "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution", Ceramics and Civilization, vol. 3, pp. 81–128
• MacDonald, William (1982), The Architecture of the Roman Empire (2nd ed.), Yale University Press, pp. 38–46, 141–146, 167–183, ISBN 978-0-300-02819-5
• McKay, A. G. (1975), Houses, Villas and Palaces in the Roman World, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 130–131
• Robertson, D.S. (1969). "Chapter Fifteen: Roman Construction. Arches, Vaults, and Domes". Greek and Roman Architecture (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–266. ISBN 0521061040. OCLC 1149316661. Retrieved December 31, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
• Rook, Tony (1992), Roman Baths in Britain, Osprey Publishing, pp. 18–19, ISBN 978-0-7478-0157-3
• Sear, Frank (1982), Roman Architecture, Cornell University Press, pp. 101–102, ISBN 978-0-8014-9245-7
• Sear, Frank (1983), Roman Architecture, Cornell University Press, pp. 49–85, ISBN 978-08014-9245-7
• Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1956), "Nero's Golden House", Antiquity, 30 (120): 209–219 (217–19), doi:10.1017/S0003598X00026843, S2CID 162484253
• Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1981), Roman Imperial Architecture (2nd ed.), The Yale University, pp. 97–120, ISBN 978-0-300-05292-3
• Woodman, Francis; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2003). "Arch". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t003657. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4.

Further reading

• Adam, Jean-Pierre (2005), Roman Building. Materials and Techniques, Routledge, ISBN 0-203-98436-6
• Lancaster, Lynne (2005), Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome. Innovations in Context, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-511-16068-4
• MacDonald, William (1958), "Some Implications of Later Roman Construction", The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 17 (4), Society of Architectural Historians: 2–8, doi:10.2307/987944, JSTOR 987944

External links

• Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works (archived 28 May 2008)
• The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete
• Fikret Yegul: Roman Concrete
• Roman aqueducts: Types of Opus Caementicium walls (archived 23 February 2007)