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Results of the 2021 German federal election

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Results of the 2021 German federal election
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This is a breakdown of the results of the 2021 German federal election. The following tables display detailed results in each of the sixteen states and all 299 single-member constituencies.

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Electoral system

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Germany uses the mixed-member proportional representation system, a system of proportional representation combined with elements of first-past-the-post voting. The Bundestag has 598 nominal members, elected for a four-year term; these seats are distributed between the sixteen German states in proportion to the states' number of eligible voters.[1]

Every elector has two votes: a constituency vote (first vote) and a party list vote (second vote). Based solely on the first votes, 299 members are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting (Direktmandat). The second votes are used to produce a proportional number of seats for parties, first in the states, and then in the Bundestag. Seats are allocated using the Sainte-Laguë method. If a party wins fewer constituency seats in a state than its second votes would entitle it to, it receives additional seats from the relevant state list. Parties can file lists in every single state under certain conditions, such as a fixed number of supporting signatures. Parties can receive second votes only in those states in which they have filed a state list.[1] If a party, by winning single-member constituencies in one state, receives more seats than it would be entitled to according to its second vote share in that state (so-called overhang seats), the other parties receive compensation seats. Owing to this provision, the Bundestag usually has more than 598 members; 735 seats were awarded in this election, up from 709 seats in 2017. The 19th Bundestag elected in 2017 had 709 seats: 598 regular seats and 111 overhang and compensation seats. Overhang seats are calculated at the state level, so many more seats are added to balance this out among the states, adding more seats than would be needed to compensate for overhang at the national level in order to avoid negative vote weight.[1]

In order to qualify for seats based on the party-list vote share, a party must either win three single-member constituencies via first votes or exceed a threshold of 5% of the second votes nationwide. If a party only wins one or two single-member constituencies and fails to get at least 5% of the second votes, it keeps the single-member seat(s), but other parties that accomplish at least one of the two threshold conditions receive compensation seats.[1] The most recent example of this was in 2002, when the PDS won only 4.0% of the second votes nationwide but won two constituencies in the state of Berlin.[2] The same applies if an independent candidate wins a single-member constituency,[1] which has not happened since 1949.[2] If a voter cast a first vote for a successful independent candidate or a successful candidate whose party failed to qualify for proportional representation, his or her second vote does not count toward proportional representation; however, it counts toward whether the elected party exceeds the 5% threshold.[1] Parties representing recognized national minorities (currently Danes, Frisians, Sorbs, and Romani people) are exempt from the 5% threshold.[1]

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Nationwide

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Leaders' races

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By state

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Summary

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Winning party by constituency.
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Results of the party list vote by state.
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List seats by state.
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Schleswig-Holstein

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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

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Hamburg

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Lower Saxony

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Bremen

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Brandenburg

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Saxony-Anhalt

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Berlin

Note: The results shown here reflect the outcome following the 2024 Berlin federal repeat election.

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North Rhine-Westphalia

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Saxony

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Hesse

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Thuringia

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Rhineland-Palatinate

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Bavaria

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More information List members, SPD ...

Baden-Württemberg

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Saarland

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Members who lost their seats

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This is a list of MPs who lost their seat at the 2021 German federal election. All of these members sat in the 19th Bundestag but were not returned to Parliament in the elections.

Those listed include members who were elected in 2017 who lost their constituencies through the first vote in 2021 and were not re-elected via state lists. Also included are List MPs who did not succeed on the second vote.

Outlisted means the MP did not win a direct mandate, and also did not win a seat on the state list.

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Notes

  1. Elected following the 2024 Berlin repeat election
  2. Candidate was originally elected, but lost the seat as a result of the 2024 Berlin repeat election
  3. Bülow was elected for the SPD, but left the party in November 2018. He joined Die PARTEI in November 2020.
  4. Petry was elected for the AfD, but left the party in September 2017.
  5. Nüßlein was elected for the CSU, but left the party in March 2021.
  6. Jung declined his mandate after the election.
  7. Took the seat of Michael Hennrich in 2023
  8. Kramp-Karrenbauer declined her mandate after the election.
  9. Altmaier declined his mandate after the election.
  10. Took the seat of Heiko Maas in 2023
  11. returned to the Bundestag in 2023, moving up the list after the death of Gero Storjohann
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References

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