Psilopogon

Psilopogon is a genus of Old World barbets that used to include only a single species, the fire-tufted barbet (P. pyrolophus). Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genus is nested within an evolutionary branch consisting of Asian barbets that were formerly placed in the genus Megalaima proposed by George Robert Gray in 1841. Since Psilopogon was proposed by Salomon Müller already in 1835, this name takes priority.^[1][2]

Psilopogon
Fire-tufted barbet (Psilopogon pyrolophus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Megalaimidae
Genus:	Psilopogon Müller, S., 1836
Type species
Psilopogon pyrolophus Müller, S.
Synonyms
Megalaima G. R. Gray, 1842

The name Psilopogon combines the Ancient Greek psilos meaning "bare" and pōgōn meaning "beard".^[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Psilopogon was introduced in 1836 by the German naturalist Salomon Müller to accommodate a single species, the fire-tufted barbet (Psilopogon pyrolophus), which is therefore the type species.^[4][5]

In the 19th and 20th centuries, about 19 generic names were proposed for Asian barbet species in collections of natural history museums, including Megalaima by George Robert Gray in 1849 and Mezobucco by George Ernest Shelley in 1889.^[6] Molecular phylogenetic research of Asian barbets revealed that the Megalaima species form a clade, which also includes the fire-tufted barbet. Barbets formerly placed in Megalaima were therefore reclassified under the genus Psilopogon, which now contains the following 33 species:^[7]

As of February 2023, the list of birds maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) as well as the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World maintained by members of Cornell University both treat Psilopogon cyanotis as a subspecies of Psilopogon duvaucellii.^[8][9] The taxon Psilopogon cyanotis was not included in the 2013 molecular phylogenetic study by Robert Jan den Tex and Jennifer Leonard.^[1]

Genus Psilopogon – Müller, S., 1836 – thirty three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Fire-tufted barbet	Psilopogon pyrolophus S. Müller, 1836	Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Coppersmith barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus (Statius Müller, 1776[10]) Nine subspecies P. h. haemacephalus P. h. indicus P. h. roseus P. h. intermedia P. h. delicus P. h. mindanensis P. h. celestinoi P. h. cebuensis P. h. homochroa	Pakistan to the Philippines and Indonesia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
White-cheeked barbet	Psilopogon viridis (Boddaert, 1783[11])	Western Ghats and adjoining hills	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Great barbet	Psilopogon virens (Boddaert, 1783[12]) Four subspecies P. v. virens P. v. marshallorum P. v. magnificus P. v. clamator	northern India, Nepal and Bhutan, Bangladesh and some parts of Southeast Asia, as far east as Laos	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Brown-headed barbet	Psilopogon zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1788) Three subspecies P. z. inornatus (Walden, 1870) P. z. caniceps (Franklin, 1831) P. z. zeylanicus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	Western Ghats and hilly parts of southern peninsular India	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Crimson-fronted barbet	Psilopogon rubricapillus Gmelin, 1788	Sri Lanka	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Blue-throated barbet	Psilopogon asiaticus (Latham, 1790)	Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Lineated barbet	Psilopogon lineatus (Vieillot, 1816)	West Bengal and Bangladesh	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-fronted barbet	Psilopogon flavifrons (Cuvier, 1816)	Sri Lanka	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Black-banded barbet	Psilopogon javensis (Horsfield, 1821)	Java and Bali	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-eared barbet	Psilopogon australis (Horsfield, 1821)	Java and Bali	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Flame-fronted barbet	Psilopogon armillaris (Temminck, 1821)	Java and Bali	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Golden-whiskered barbet	Psilopogon chrysopogon (Temminck, 1824) Three subspecies P. c. chrysopogon P. c. chrysopsis P. c. laetus	Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Borneo and Sumatra	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Red-throated barbet	Psilopogon mystacophanos (Temminck, 1824)	Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Black-eared barbet	Psilopogon duvaucelii (Lesson, 1830) Three subspecies P. d. duvaucelii P. d. gigantorhinus P. d. tanamassae	Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Green-eared barbet	Psilopogon faiostrictus (Temminck, 1831)	southern China, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Brown-throated barbet	Psilopogon corvinus (Temminck, 1831)	western Java	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Yellow-crowned barbet	Psilopogon henricii (Temminck, 1831)	Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Black-browed barbet	Psilopogon oorti (Müller, 1836)	Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Red-crowned barbet	Psilopogon rafflesii (Lesson, 1839)	Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand	Size: Habitat: Diet:	NT
Golden-throated barbet	Psilopogon franklinii (Edward Blyth, 1842[13]) Two subspecies P. f. franklinii P. f. ramsayi	Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam and mainland China	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Blue-eared barbet	Psilopogon cyanotis (Blyth, 1847) Three subspecies P. c. cyanotis P. c. orientalis P. c. stuarti (Robinson & Kloss, 1919)	northeast India ‍and Bangladesh to peninsular Thailand	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Malabar barbet	Psilopogon malabaricus (Blyth, 1847)	Western Ghats from around Goa south to southern Kerala	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Taiwan barbet	Psilopogon nuchalis (Gould, 1863)	Taiwan	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Red-vented barbet	Psilopogon lagrandieri (Verreaux, 1868)	Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Chinese barbet	Psilopogon faber (R. Swinhoe, 1870)	southern China	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Moustached barbet	Psilopogon incognitus (Hume, 1874)	Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Golden-naped barbet	Psilopogon pulcherrimus (Sharpe, 1888)	Indonesia and Malaysia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Mountain barbet	Psilopogon monticola (Sharpe, 1889)	Borneo	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Bornean barbet	Psilopogon eximius (Sharpe, 1892)	Indonesia and Malaysia, Borneo	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Necklaced barbet	Psilopogon auricularis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919)	southern Laos and Vietnam	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Indochinese barbet	Psilopogon annamensis (Robinson & Kloss, 1919)	Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Turquoise-throated barbet	Psilopogon chersonesus (Chasen & Kloss, 1927)	Thailand	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

Phylogeny

Coppersmith barbet   Crimson-fronted barbet Malabar barbet     Yellow-eared barbet Black-eared barbet Bornean barbet       Great barbet Red-vented barbet Fire-tufted barbet       Red-throated barbet Black-banded barbet Red-crowned barbet       Flame-fronted barbet Yellow-crowned barbet Golden-naped barbet   Green-eared barbet     Lineated barbet   Brown-headed barbet   White-cheeked barbet Yellow-fronted barbet     Golden-throated barbet Necklaced barbet       Brown-throated barbet   Golden-whiskered barbet Golden-whiskered barbet Mountain barbet     Taiwan barbet Chinese barbet Moustached barbet     Blue-throated barbet Indochinese barbet   Turquoise-throated barbet Black-browed barbet

Relationship within the genus[1]

References

1. Den Tex, R.-J.; Leonard, J. A. (2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Asian barbets: Speciation and extinction in the tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2013MolPE..68....1D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.004. PMID 23511217.
2. Ericson, P. G. P. (2012). "Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (5): 813–824. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39..813E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02650.x. S2CID 85599747.
3. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
4. Müller, Salomon (1835). "Aanteekeningen over de natuurlijke gesteldheid van een gedeelte der westkust en binnenlanden van Sumatra, met bijvoeging van eenige waarnemingen en beschrijvingen van verscheid dieren". Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie (in Dutch). 2: 315–355 [339]. The title page is dated 1835 but the article was not published until 1836.
5. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 30.
6. Ripley, S. D. (1945). "The barbets" (PDF). The Auk. 62 (4): 542–563. doi:10.2307/4079804. JSTOR 4079804.
7. Moyle, R. G. (2004). "Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (1): 187–200. Bibcode:2004MolPE..30..187M. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00179-9. PMID 15022769.
8. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Jacamars, puffbirds, toucans, barbets, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
9. Clements, J.F.; Schulenberg, T.S.; Iliff, M.J.; Fredericks, T.A.; Gerbracht, J.A.; Lepage, D.; Billerman, S.M.; Sullivan, B.L.; Wood, C.L. (2022). "The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2022". Retrieved 10 December 2022.
10. Statius Müller, P. L. (1776). "Der Blutskopf. Bucco haemacephalus". Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Leibarztes &c. &c. vollständigen Natursystems. Supplements- und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs. Nürnberg: Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe. p. 88.
11. Boddaert, P. (1783). "870. Barbu verd, Buff. XIII". Table des Planches Enluminées d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. Utrecht. p. 53.
12. Boddaert, P. (1783). "871. Le grand Barbu, Buff. XIII". Table des Planches Enluminées d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. Utrecht. p. 53.
13. Blyth, E. (1842). "Notes on various Indian and Malayan birds". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 11 (1): 160–195.