Prunum

Prunum is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Pruninae of the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.^[1]

Prunum
Prunum fulminatum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Volutoidea
Family:	Marginellidae
Subfamily:	Pruninae
Genus:	Prunum Herrmannsen, 1852
Type species
Voluta prunum Gmelin, 1791
Synonyms[1]
Egouena Jousseaume, 1875 Leptegouana Woodring, 1928 Marginella (Prunum) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 † Microspira Conrad, 1868 † Porcellanella Tryon, 1882 (invalid: junior homonym of Porcellanella White, 1852 [Crustacea].)

The separation between the genera Prunum and Volvarina is not very precise. They form together a monophyletic clade. The differences between these two genera are based on differences in the morphology of the shell, the radula, the radular cartilage, the mantle and the internal anatomy.^[2] A rather arbitrary criterion is currently used to distinguish between the two genera. The large species with a strong callus are placed in Prunum, the slender species with a thin callus in Volvarina, leaving in between many ambiguous species. To date (2010) there is no phylogenetic analysis behind the current generic placements ^[1]

Species

Species within the genus Prunum include:^[1]

• Prunum abyssorum (Tomlin, 1916)^[3]
• Prunum adelantado Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
• Prunum aikeni T. Cossignani, 2018
• Prunum aitanae Espinosa & Ortea, 2019
• Prunum albertoangelai Cossignani, 2005^[4]
• Prunum albertoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1998^[5]
• Prunum albuminosa (Dall, 1919)
• Prunum aletes Roth, 1978
• Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)^[6]
• Prunum amphorale de Souza, 1992
• Prunum amygdalum (Kiener, 1841)^[7]
• Prunum annulatum (Reeve, 1865)
• Prunum antillanum (Sarasúa, 1992)^[8]
• Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828)^[9]
• Prunum arangoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
• Prunum bahiense (Tomlin 1917)
• Prunum batabanoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
• Prunum bayonai Cossignani, 2009^[10]
• Prunum beali (McGinty, 1940)
• Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
• Prunum boreale (A. E. Verrill, 1884)^[11]
• Prunum caledonicum Cossignani, 2001^[12]
• Prunum camachoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2003^[13]
• Prunum canasense Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
• Prunum caneli Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007^[14]
• Prunum canilla (Dall, 1927)
• Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
• Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837)^[15]
• Prunum cassis (Dall, 1889)^[16]
• Prunum catochense Cossignani, 2004^[17]
• Prunum chagosi Hayes & Boyer, 1997
• Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000^[18]
• Prunum cinctum (Kiener, 1834)
• Prunum cineraceum (Dall, 1889)
• Prunum circumvittatum (Weisbord, 1962)
• Prunum coltrorum Cossignani, 2005^[19]
• Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
• Prunum cubanum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977^[20]
• Prunum curtum (G.B. Sowerby, 1832)
• Prunum damasoi Cossignani, 2006^[21]
• Prunum dawnbrinkae Massier, 1993
• Prunum egmontense Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
• Prunum dinisioi Cossignani, 2006^[22]
• Prunum enriquevidali Espinosa & Ortea, 1995
• Prunum estafaniae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
• Prunum evelynae (Bayer, 1943)
• Prunum flori Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
• Prunum frumari Petuch & Sargent, 2012
• Prunum fulminatum (Kiener, 1841)
• Prunum gijon Espinosa & Ortea, 2006^[23]
• Prunum goliat Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
• Prunum gorgonense Roth, 1978
• Prunum gregorioi Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
• Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817)^[24]
• Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941)
• Prunum holandae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999^[25]
• Prunum humboldti Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009^[26]
• Prunum hunabi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
• Prunum ianusi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
• Prunum javii Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2013
• Prunum josealejandroi Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
• Prunum labiatum (Kiener, 1841)^[27]
• Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum lalanai Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
• Prunum leonardhilli Petuch, 1990
• Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)^[28]
• Prunum lizanoi Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003^[29]
• Prunum lorenae Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
• Prunum macleani Roth, 1978
• Prunum magliaroi T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2021
• Prunum magnificum (Sarasúa, 1989)^[30]
• Prunum marginatum (Born, 1778)
• Prunum mariateresae Cossignani, 2009^[31]
• Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
• Prunum mingueloi Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
• Prunum montseae Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
• Prunum nataliae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
• Prunum negoi Cossignani, 2005^[32]
• Prunum niciezai Espinosa & Ortea, 1998^[33]
• Prunum nivosum (Hinds, 1844)^[34]
• Prunum nobilianum (Bayer, 1943)
• Prunum oblongum (Swainson, 1829) (nomen dubium)
• Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
• Prunum pacotalaverai Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
• Prunum pellucidum (Pfeiffer, 1840)
• Prunum pinerum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
• Prunum poeyi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
• Prunum poulosi Lipe, 1996
• Prunum pruinosum (Hinds, 1844)^[35]
• Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
• Prunum pulidoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999^[36]
• Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & Smith, 1999^[37]
• Prunum quelimanensis Bozzetti, 2001
• Prunum quini Ortea & Espinosa, 2018
• Prunum quinteroi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999^[38]
• Prunum redfieldii (Tryon, 1882)^[39]
• Prunum roosevelti (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)
• Prunum rosasi Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
• Prunum roscidum (Redfield, 1860)^[40]
• Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)^[41]
• Prunum rubens (Martens, 1881)
• Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
• Prunum saulcyanum (Petit, 1851)
• † Prunum seriaense Harzhauser, Raven & Landau, 2018
• Prunum similerato Ortega & Gofas, 2019
• Prunum smalli Espinosa & Ortea, 2002^[42]
• Prunum storeria (Couthouy, 1837)
• Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
• Prunum sunderlandorum Petuch & Berschauer, 2020
• Prunum tacoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
• Prunum tethys Lussi & Smith, 1999^[43]
• Prunum thalassicola Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007^[44]
• Prunum torticulum (Dall, 1881)^[45]
• Prunum triangulum Lussi & G. Smith, 2015
• Prunum virginianum (Conrad, 1868)
• Prunum walvisianum (Tomlin, 1920)
• Prunum woodbridgei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)

Species brought into synonymy

• Prunum abbreviatum (C.B. Adams, 1850) : synonym of Volvarina lactea (Kiener, 1841)
• Prunum adelum (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Volvarina adela (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum aguayoi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 : synonym of Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)
• Prunum agulhasensis Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Hydroginella agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum alabaster Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Volvarina rubella navicella Reeve, 1865
• Prunum ameliensis (Tomlin 1917) : synonym of Volvarina ameliensis (Tomlin, 1917)
• Prunum attenuatum (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Volvarina attenuata (Reeve, 1865)
• Prunum augusta (Thiele, 1925): synonym of Dentimargo augusta (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844): synonym of Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
• Prunum avenella (Dall, 1881):^[46] synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881)
• Prunum bahiensis [sic]: synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917) (incorrect gender ending)
• Prunum avenellum (Dall, 1881): synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881)
• Prunum batabanoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2002:^[47] synonym of Prunum batabanoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
• Prunum bellum (Conrad, 1868):^[48] synonym of Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844)
• Prunum caerulescens Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
• Prunum cahuitaensis Magaña, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003: synonym of Prunum cahuitaense Magaña, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003 (incorrect gender ending)
• Prunum canasensis Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011: synonym of Prunum canasense Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011 (incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
• Prunum canellum (Jousseaume, 1875): synonym of Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum cantharus Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
• Prunum capensis (Krauss, 1848) : synonym of Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
• Prunum carnum Storer, 1837  : synonym of Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837)
• Prunum charbarensis (Melvill, 1897)  : synonym of Volvarina charbarensis (Melvill, 1897)
• Prunum colomborum Bozzetti, 1995 : synonym of Marginella colomborum (Bozzetti, 1995)
• Prunum conchibellus Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010  : synonym of Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
• Prunum crassilabrum (G.B. Sowerby I, 1846)  : synonym of Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
• Prunum deliciosum (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1912)  : synonym of Volvarina deliciosa (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1913)
• Prunum dinisioi T. Cossignani, 2006: synonym of Volvarina dinisioi (T. Cossignani, 2006) (original combination)
• Prunum egmontensis [sic]: synonym of Prunum egmontense Espinosa & Ortea, 2015 (original spelling: incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
• Prunum evax Li, 1930  : synonym of Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
• Prunum exile (Gmelin, 1791)  : synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
• Prunum fortunatum (Clover & Macca, 1990): synonym of Volvarina fortunata Clover & Macca, 1990
• Prunum fraterculus E.A. Smith, 1915  : synonym of Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
• Prunum fulgidum Lussi & G. Smith, 1999: synonym of Volvarina fulgida (Lussi & G. Smith, 1999) (original combination)
• Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941):^[49] synonym of Prunum virginianum hartleyana (Schwengel, 1941)
• Prunum helena Thiele, 1925  : synonym of Hyalina helena (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum hoffi Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991 : synonym of Canalispira hoffi (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991)
• Prunum hondurasense (Reeve, 1865)  : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
• Prunum hondurasensis (Reeve, 1865)  : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
• Prunum insulanum (Gofas & Fernandes, 1988)  : synonym of Volvarina insulana Gofas & Fernandes, 1988
• Prunum joubini Bavay, 1913: synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917)
• Prunum keenii Marrat, 1871: synonym of Hyalina keenii (Marrat, 1871)
• Prunum laetitium (Thiele, 1925): synonym of Volvarina laetitia (Thiele, 1925)
• Prunum longivaricosum Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817)
• Prunum mabellae (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volvarina mabellae (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
• Prunum marianae Bozzetti, 1999: synonym of Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & G. Smith, 1999
• Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Volvarina monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Prunum olivaeformis (Kiener, 1834): synonym of Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
• Prunum pergrande (Clover, 1974): synonym of Volvarina pergrandis Clover, 1974
• Prunum pergrandis [sic]: synonym of Prunum pergrande (Clover, 1974): synonym of Volvarina pergrandis Clover, 1974 (incorrect gender ending)
• Prunum riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992: synonym of Volvarina riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992
• Prunum roberti (Bavay, 1917): synonym of Volvarina roberti (Bavay, 1917)
• Prunum roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, 1939  : synonym of Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)
• Prunum sauliae (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846): synonym of Volvarina sauliae (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846)
• Prunum serrei Bavay, 1913  : synonym of Volvarina serrei (Bavay, 1913)
• Prunum sowerbyanum Petit, 1851  : synonym of Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Prunum styrium Dall, 1889  : synonym of Volvarina styria (Dall, 1889)
• Prunum succinea (Conrad, 1846):^[50] synonym of Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
• Prunum tacoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2014: synonym of Prunum tacoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
• Prunum terverianum (Petit de la Saussaye, 1851): synonym of Volvarina monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Prunum watsoni (Dall, 1881): synonym of Eratoidea watsoni (Dall, 1881)
• Prunum yucatecana (Dall, 1881): synonym of Dentimargo yucatecanus (Dall, 1881): synonym of Dentimargo yucatecana (Dall, 1881)

References

1. Prunum Herrmannsen, 1852. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 23 January 2011.
2. Jeremy B.C. Jackson, Scott Lidgard, and Frank K. McKinney, Evolutionary patterns : growth, form and tempo in the fossil record, The University of Chicago Press, 2001 ISBN 0-226-38930-8
3. Prunum abyssorum (Tomlin, 1916). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
4. Prunum albertoangelai Cossignani, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
5. Prunum albertoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
6. Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
7. Prunum amygdala Kiener. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
8. Prunum antillanum (Sarasúa, 1992). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
9. Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
10. Prunum bayonai Cossignani, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
11. Prunum boreale (A. E. Verrill, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
12. Prunum caledonicum Cossignani, 2001. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
13. Prunum Camachoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2003. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
14. Prunum caneli Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
15. Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
16. Prunum cassis (Dall, 1889). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
17. Prunum catochense Cossignani, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
18. Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
19. Prunum coltrorum Cossignani, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
20. Prunum cubanum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
21. Prunum damasoi Cossignani, 2006. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
22. Prunum dinisioi Cossignani, 2006. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
23. Prunum gijon Espinosa & Ortea, 2006. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
24. Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
25. Prunum holandae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
26. Prunum humboldti Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
27. Prunum labiatum (Kiener, 1841). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
28. Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
29. Prunum lizanoi Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
30. Prunum magnificum (Sarasúa, 1989). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
31. Prunum mariateresae Cossignani, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
32. Prunum negoi Cossignani, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
33. Prunum niciezai Espinosa & Ortea, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
34. Prunum nivosum (Hinds, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
35. Prunum pruinosum (Hinds, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
36. Prunum pulidoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
37. Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & Smith, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
38. Prunum quinteroi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
39. Prunum redfieldii (Tryon, 1882). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
40. Prunum roscidum (Redfield, 1860). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
41. Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
42. Prunum smalli Espinosa & Ortea, 2002. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
43. Prunum tethys Lussi & Smith, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
44. Prunum thalassicola Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
45. Prunum torticulum (Dall, 1881). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
46. Prunum avenella (Dall, 1881). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
47. Prunum Batabanoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2002. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
48. Prunum bellum (Conrad, 1868). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
49. Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
50. Prunum succinea (Conrad, 1846). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.

• Cossignani T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp