Pratītyasamutpāda
Fundamental Buddhist teaching / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pratītyasamutpāda (Sanskrit: प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद, Pāli: paṭiccasamuppāda), commonly translated as dependent origination, or dependent arising, is a key doctrine in Buddhism shared by all schools of Buddhism.[1][note 1] It states that all dharmas (phenomena) arise in dependence upon other dharmas: "if this exists, that exists; if this ceases to exist, that also ceases to exist". The basic principle is that all things (dharmas, phenomena, principles) arise in dependence upon other things.
Translations of pratītyasamutpāda/paṭiccasamuppāda | |
---|---|
English | dependent origination, dependent arising, interdependent co-arising, conditioned arising |
Sanskrit | प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद (IAST: pratītyasamutpāda) |
Pali | पटिच्चसमुप्पाद (paṭiccasamuppāda) |
Bengali | প্রতীত্যসমুৎপাদ (prôtīttôsômutpad) |
Burmese | ပဋိစ္စ သမုပ္ပါဒ် IPA: [bədeiʔsa̰ θəmouʔpaʔ] |
Chinese | 緣起 (Pinyin: yuánqǐ) |
Japanese | 縁起 (Rōmaji: engi) |
Khmer | បដិច្ចសមុប្បាទ (padecchak samubbat) |
Korean | 연기 (RR: yeongi) |
Sinhala | පටිච්චසමුප්පාද |
Tibetan | རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་ (Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba THL: ten-ching drelwar jungwa) |
Tagalog | Platityasamutpada |
Thai | ปฏิจจสมุปบาท (RTGS: patitcha samupabat) |
Vietnamese | Duyên khởi |
Glossary of Buddhism |
The doctrine includes depictions of the arising of suffering (anuloma-paṭiccasamuppāda, "with the grain", forward conditionality) and depictions of how the chain can be reversed (paṭiloma-paṭiccasamuppāda, "against the grain", reverse conditionality).[2][3] These processes are expressed in various lists of dependently originated phenomena, the most well-known of which is the twelve links or nidānas (Pāli: dvādasanidānāni, Sanskrit: dvādaśanidānāni). The traditional interpretation of these lists is that they describe the process of a sentient being's rebirth in saṃsāra, and the resultant duḥkha (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness),[4] and they provide an analysis of rebirth and suffering that avoids positing an atman (unchanging self or eternal soul).[5][6] The reversal of the causal chain is explained as leading to the cessation of rebirth (and thus, the cessation of suffering).[4][7]
Another interpretation regards the lists as describing the arising of mental processes and the resultant notion of "I" and "mine" that leads to grasping and suffering.[8][9] Several modern western scholars argue that there are inconsistencies in the list of twelve links, and regard it to be a later synthesis of several older lists and elements, some of which can be traced to the Vedas.[9][10][11][12][13][5]
The doctrine of dependent origination appears throughout the early Buddhist texts. It is the main topic of the Nidana Samyutta of the Theravada school's Saṃyuttanikāya (henceforth SN). A parallel collection of discourses also exists in the Chinese Saṁyuktāgama (henceforth SA).[14]