Portal:Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina, Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula. It borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. In the south it has a 20 kilometres (12 miles) long coast on the Adriatic Sea, with the town of Neum being its only access to the sea. Bosnia has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern regions, the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and in the northeast it is predominantly flat. Herzegovina, the smaller, southern region, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city.
The area has been inhabited since at least the Upper Paleolithic, but evidence suggests that during the Neolithic age, permanent human settlements were established, including those that belonged to the Butmir, Kakanj, and Vučedol cultures. After the arrival of the first Indo-Europeans, the area was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. The ancestors of the South Slavic peoples that populate the area today arrived during the 6th through the 9th century. In the 12th century, the Banate of Bosnia was established; by the 14th century, this had evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia. In the mid-15th century, it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it remained until the late 19th century; the Ottomans brought Islam to the region. From the late 19th century until World War I, the country was annexed into the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1992, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence. This was followed by the Bosnian War, which lasted until late 1995 and ended with the signing of the Dayton Agreement.
The country is home to three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks are the largest group, Serbs the second-largest, and Croats the third-largest. Minorities include Jews, Roma, Albanians, Montenegrins, Ukrainians and Turks. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member presidency made up of one member from each of the three major ethnic groups. However, the central government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely decentralized. It comprises two autonomous entities—the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska—and a third unit, the Brčko District, which is governed by its own local government.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a developing country and ranks 74th in the Human Development Index. Its economy is dominated by industry and agriculture, followed by tourism and the service sector. Tourism has increased significantly in recent years. The country has a social-security and universal-healthcare system, and primary and secondary level education is free. It is a member of the UN, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the Partnership for Peace, and the Central European Free Trade Agreement; it is also a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean, established in July 2008. Bosnia and Herzegovina is an EU candidate country and has also been a candidate for NATO membership since April 2010. (Full article...)
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Selected article - show another
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Republika Srpska (Serbian Cyrillic: Република Српска, pronounced [repǔblika sr̩̂pskaː] ⓘ, also known as the Republic of Srpska) is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the north and east of the country. Its largest city and administrative centre is Banja Luka, lying on the Vrbas river, and with a population of about 1,228,423 people as of the 2013 census.
Republika Srpska was formed in 1992 at the outset of the Bosnian War with the stated intent to safeguard the interests of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The war saw the expulsion of the vast majority of Croats and Bosniaks from the territory claimed by Republika Srpska and an inflow of Serbs, mostly voluntarily leaving from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the Dayton Agreement of 1995, Republika Srpska was recognised as an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today most of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Serb population lives in Republika Srpska. (Full article...)General images
- Image 1Tuzla government building burning after anti-government clashes on 7 February 2014 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 2Folk group Costume Dress, Bosnia Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 5Illustration from the French magazine Le Petit Journal on the Bosnian Crisis: Bulgaria declares its independence and its prince Ferdinand is named Tsar, Austria-Hungary, in the person of Franz Joseph, annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II looks on helplessly (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 7A lamb roast and "kolo" (circle) dancing - Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1895 (from Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 9Tuzla government building burning after anti-government clashes on 7 February 2014 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 10Željko Komšić, Croat member of the Bosnian Presidency, and Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State, 13 December 2011 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 11Gimnazija Mostar in Mostar was one of the most academically prestigious educational institutions in Yugoslavia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 12Bosnia and Herzegovina's flag while part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 13Territorial evolution of the Bosnian Kingdom (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 14Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Habsburg times. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 15Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 16Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team, 2016 (from Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 17Bosnia in the Middle Ages spanning the Banate of Bosnia and the succeeding Kingdom of Bosnia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 19The railway bridge over the Neretva River in Jablanica, twice destroyed during the 1943 Case White offensive (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 20Bosnian meat platter that contains, among other things, ćevapi, which is considered the national dish of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 21Ivo Andrić with his wife Milica, upon learning he had won the Nobel Prize in Literature (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 23Kingdom of Bosnia 1377-1463 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 26The Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium in Sarajevo hosted the opening ceremony of the 1984 Winter Olympics (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 27Bosnian and Herzegovinian Partisans flag (1941-1945) (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 28The Jahorina Ski Resort, a 1984 Winter Olympics venue, is the biggest and most popular ski resort in Bosnia and Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 29Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 31The Avaz Twist Tower in Sarajevo, the tallest building in Bosnia and Herzegovina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 32The Banate in 1373, shortly before its elevation to kingdom (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 33Ottoman Bosnia - flag from 1878 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 34Eternal flame memorial to military and civilian World War II victims in Sarajevo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 38UN troops in front of the Executive Council Building, burned after being struck by tank fire during the siege of Sarajevo, 1995 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 39Bosnia within the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), 1942 (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 41Estimated development of real GDP per capita of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1952 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 43The Emperor's Mosque is the first mosque to be built (1457) after the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 44Coat of arms of the Banate of Bosnia (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 46The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, 28 June 1914 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 47Hval's Codex, illustrated Slavic manuscript from medieval Bosnia (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 48Alija Izetbegović during his visit to the United States in 1997. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 50Mogorjelo, an ancient Roman suburban Villa Rustica from the 4th century, near Čapljina (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 51"Keep/Protect Yugoslavia" (Čuvajte Jugoslaviju), a variant of the alleged last words of King Alexander, in an illustration of Yugoslav peoples dancing the kolo. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 52"Keep/Protect Yugoslavia" (Čuvajte Jugoslaviju), a variant of the alleged last words of King Alexander I, in an illustration of Yugoslav peoples dancing the kolo (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 53Coat of Arms of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 54Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), Republika Srpska (RS) and Brčko District (BD) (from Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Image 57Administrative division of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. (from History of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
More did you know
- ... that to receive a work permit to play in Luxembourg, Bosnian footballer Sanel Ibrahimović had to pretend to be a specialist in his country's cuisine?
Cities
- Banja Luka
- Bihać
- Berkovići
- Bijeljina
- Bosanska Krupa
- Bosanski Petrovac
- Brčko
- Brod
- Bugojno
- Cajnice
- Cazin
- Derventa
- Doboj
- Donji Vakuf
- Dubica
- Foča
- Goražde
- Gornji Vakuf
- Gračanica
- Gradačac
- Gradiška
- Ilidža
- Istočno Sarajevo
- Jajce
- Jablanica
- Kakanj
- Kalesija
- Konjic
- Kotor Varoš
- Laktaši
- Livno
- Ljubuški
- Lukavac
- Modriča
- Mostar
- Nevesinje
- Neum
- Novi Grad
- Novi Travnik
- Olovo
- Petrovo
- Prijedor
- Prnjavor
- Sanski Most
- Sarajevo
- Srebrenik
- Srebrenica
- Teslić
- Tešanj
- Travnik
- Trebinje
- Tuzla
- Velika Kladuša
- Visoko
- Vitez
- Zavidovići
- Zenica
- Zvornik
- Živinice
- Žepče
Selected biography - show another
Stephen Tvrtko I (Serbo-Croatian: Stjepan/Stefan Tvrtko / Стјепан/Стефан Твртко; c. 1338 – 10 March 1391) was the first king of Bosnia. A member of the House of Kotromanić, he succeeded his uncle Stephen II as the ban of Bosnia in 1353. As he was a minor at the time, Tvrtko's father, Vladislav, briefly ruled as regent, followed by Tvrtko's mother, Jelena. Early in his personal rule, Tvrtko quarrelled with his country's Roman Catholic clergy but later enjoyed cordial relations with all the religious communities in his realm. After initial difficulties – the loss of large parts of Bosnia to his overlord, King Louis I of Hungary, and being briefly deposed by his magnates – Tvrtko's power grew considerably. He conquered some remnants of the neighbouring Serbian Empire in 1373, after the death of its last ruler and his distant relative, Uroš the Weak. In 1377, he had himself crowned king of Bosnia and Serbia, claiming to be the heir of Serbia's extinct Nemanjić dynasty.
As the Kingdom of Bosnia continued to expand, Tvrtko's attention shifted to the Adriatic coast. He gained control of the entire Primorje and the major maritime cities of the area, established new settlements and started building a navy, but never succeeded in subjugating the lords of the independent Serbian territories. The death of King Louis and the accession of Queen Mary in 1382 allowed Tvrtko to take advantage of the ensuing succession crisis in Hungary and Croatia. After bitter fighting, from 1385 to 1390, Tvrtko succeeded in conquering large parts of Dalmatia, and Croatia proper. Following the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, his tenuous claim to Serbia became a mere fiction, as the Serbian rulers he sought to subdue became vassals of the victorious Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks also launched their first attacks on Bosnia during Tvrtko's reign, but his army was able to repel them. Tvrtko's sudden death in 1391 prevented him from solidifying the Kotromanić hold on Croatian lands. (Full article...)Did you know (auto-generated)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png)
- ... that Ivan Ančić was the first Bosnian Franciscan to use the Latin script to write in his native language?
- ... that a Socialist Youth League candidate in the 1990 Bosnian general election registered his ethnicity as 'Eskimo' as an apparent protest against ethnic registry requirements for candidates?
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- Clinical Center University of Sarajevo (Koševo hospital);
- Articles needing major work, Be Bold!: **
- Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- List of universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Subpages of List of settlements in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Web resources
- B&H Tourism - Official Web Site
- Tourism Association of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Official Web Site
- Tourism Association of Republika Srpska - Official Web Site
- Duga-Tehna
Other links:
- Bosnian National Monument - Muslibegovica House
- "Bosnia and Herzegovina". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Bosnia & Herzegovina Economy
- Bosnia and Herzegovina Map
- Bosnia News
- rjecnik.ba English-Bosnian and German-Bosnian On-line Dictionary (in Bosnian, English, and German)
- The State of Media Freedom in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Public Service Broadcasting Report by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
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