Heilongjiang

For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River.

"HLJ" redirects here. For the IATA code, see Barysiai Airport.

Heilongjiang^{[lower-alpha 1]} is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers).

Heilongjiang 黑龙江
Province
Province of Heilongjiang
Chinese transcription(s)
• Simplified Chinese	黑龙江省
• Hanyu pinyin	Hēilóngjiāng Shěng
• Abbreviation	HL / 黑 (Hēi)
Hailin in the winter time
Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
Coordinates: 48°N 129°E
Country	China
Named for	黑 hēi—black 龙 lóng—dragon 江 jiāng—river Amur River
Capital (and largest city)	Harbin
Divisions	13 prefectures, 130 counties, 1274 townships
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Heilongjiang Provincial People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Xu Qin
• Congress chairman	Xu Qin
• Governor	Liang Huiling
• CPPCC chairman	Lan Shaomin
• National People's Congress Representation	84 deputies
Area [1]
• Total	454,800 km2 (175,600 sq mi)
• Rank	6th
Highest elevation (Mt. Datudingzi)	1,690 m (5,540 ft)
Population  (2020)[2]
• Total	31,850,088
• Rank	20th
• Density	70/km2 (180/sq mi)
• Rank	28th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han: 95% Manchu: 3% Korean: 1% Mongol: 0.4% Hui: 0.3%
• Languages and dialects	Northeastern Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Mongolian, Manchu, Russian
GDP (2023)[3]
• Total	CN¥ 1,588 billion (25th) US$ 225 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 51,563 (30th) US$ 7,317
ISO 3166 code	CN-HL
HDI (2021)	0.743[4] (22nd) – high
Website	www.hlj.gov.cn (in Chinese)

Heilongjiang
"Heilongjiang" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	黑龙江
Traditional Chinese	黑龍江
Postal	Heilungkiang
Literal meaning	"Black Dragon River"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hēilóngjiāng Bopomofo ㄏㄟ   ㄌㄨㄥˊ   ㄐㄧㄤ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Heilongjiang Wade–Giles Hei1-lung2-chiang1 IPA [xéɪ.lʊ̌ŋ.tɕjáŋ] other Mandarin Xiao'erjing حِ‌ِلْوڭِیَانْ Wu Romanization Ha平 lon上 kaon平 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Hāak-lùhng-gōng Jyutping Haak1-lung4-gong1 IPA [hak̚˥.lʊŋ˩.kɔŋ˥] Southern Min Tâi-lô Hik-lîng-kang
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic	Хармөрөн муж
Mongolian script	ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠦ᠌ᠷᠡᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ
Transcriptions SASM/GNC Qaramörin muǰi
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᠯᠠ ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
Romanization	Sahaliyan'ula golo

The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia (Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai) to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area, the 15th-most populous, and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province.

The province takes its name from the Amur River which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia.

Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production,^[6] and raw materials, such as timber, oil and coal.

Etymology

The province takes its name from the Amur River, whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ("black dragon river").

History

Saint Sofia Church, Harbin

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen, Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.^[7] Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.^[8] The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a French map dated to 1734

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.^[9] This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word 將軍 jiāngjūn; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

Seal of the Guard General of Heilongjiang at the Heilongjiang General Mansion

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.^[10]

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) (Chinese: 乌鲁苏穆丹 Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.^[11]

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

Jixi

Geography

Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

Climate

Winter in Heilongjiang

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).^[12] Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for some locations in Heilongjiang province of China

City	July (°C)	July (°F)	January (°C)	January (°F)
Harbin	27.9/18.3	82.2/64.9	–12.5/–24.1	9.5/–11.4
Jiamusi	27.6/17.7	81.7/63.9	–12.7/–24	9.1/–11.2
Hegang	26.5/17.4	80/63.3	–12.7/–20.8	9.1/–5.4
Yichun	27.1/15.5	80.8/59.9	–14.5/–29.1	5.9/–20.4

Transport

Roads

Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways,^[13] highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway. The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

Railways

There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Airports

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

Waterways

Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

Main article: Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.^[14]

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.^[15] In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.^[16][17] Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",^[18] and then 3rd quarter of 2021.^[19]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang and List of township-level divisions of Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions: twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
Harbin Qiqihar Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yichun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Daxing'anling Prefecture ☐ Jiagedaqi Dist. & Songling Dist. is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Pref. but de jure part of Oroqen Aut. Ban., Inner Mongolia.
Division code[20]	Division	Area in km2[21]	Population 2010[22]	Seat	Divisions[23]
					Districts*	Counties	Aut. counties	CL cities
230000	Heilongjiang Province	454,800.00	38,312,224	Harbin city	54	45	1	21
230100	Harbin city	53,523.50	10,635,971	Songbei District	9	7		2
230200	Qiqihar city	42,205.81	5,367,003	Jianhua District	7	8		1
230300	Jixi city	22,488.46	1,862,161	Jiguan District	6	1		2
230400	Hegang city	14,679.98	1,058,665	Xiangyang District	6	2
230500	Shuangyashan city	26,483.00	1,462,626	Jianshan District	4	4
230600	Daqing city	22,161.00	2,904,532	Sartu District	5	3	1
230700	Yichun city	39,017.00	1,148,126	Yimei District	4	5		1
230800	Jiamusi city	31,528.00	2,552,097	Qianjin District	4	3		3
230900	Qitaihe city	6,221.42	920,419	Taoshan District	3	1
231000	Mudanjiang city	40,233.00	2,798,723	Dong'an District	4	1		5
231100	Heihe city	66,802.65	1,673,898	Aihui District	1	2		3
231200	Suihua city	34,964.17	5,416,439	Beilin District	1	6		3
232700	Daxing'anling Prefecture	46,755.00≈	511,564	Jiagedaqi District** (de facto); Mohe city (de jure)	4**	2		1
Sub-provincial cities * – including Ethnic districts ** – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km2 or 32,018.99 sq mi)

From left to right: Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Daqing, Jixi

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin
Heilongjiang Province	黑龙江省	Hēilóngjiāng Shěng
Harbin city	哈尔滨市	Hā'ěrbīn Shì
Qiqihar city	齐齐哈尔市	Qíqíhā'ěr Shì
Jixi city	鸡西市	Jīxī Shì
Hegang city	鹤岗市	Hègǎng Shì
Shuangyashan city	双鸭山市	Shuāngyāshān Shì
Daqing city	大庆市	Dàqìng Shì
Yichun city	伊春市	Yīchūn Shì
Jiamusi city	佳木斯市	Jiāmùsī Shì
Qitaihe city	七台河市	Qītáihé Shì
Mudanjiang city	牡丹江市	Mǔdānjiāng Shì
Heihe city	黑河市	Hēihé Shì
Suihua city	绥化市	Suíhuà Shì
Daxing'anling Prefecture	大兴安岭地区	Dàxīng'ānlǐng Dìqū

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 20 county-level cities, 42 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	Cities	2020 Urban area[24]	2010 Urban area[25]	2020 City proper
1	Harbin	5,805,358	4,933,054[lower-alpha 2]	10,009,854
2	Daqing	1,370,248	1,433,698	2,781,562
3	Qiqihar	1,246,292	1,314,720	4,067,489
4	Mudanjiang	808,216	790,623	2,290,208
5	Jiamusi	698,557	631,357	2,156,505
6	Jixi	626,019	746,889	1,502,060
7	Hegang	514,826	600,941	891,271
8	Qitaihe	426,065	503,678	689,611
9	Shuangyashan	388,847	481,110	1,208,803
10	Suihua	355,700	364,225	3,756,167
11	Yichun	331,640	694,019[lower-alpha 3]	878,881
12	Zhaodong	312,289	358,606	see Suihua
13	Wuchang	256,842	259,836	see Harbin
14	Shangzhi	246,880	269,699	see Harbin
15	Fujin	240,925	215,237	see Jiamusi
16	Nenjiang	223,587	[lower-alpha 4]	see Heihe
17	Bei'an	213,850	248,471	see Heihe
18	Anda	196,645	223,486	see Suihua
19	Nehe	193,396	233,724	see Qiqihar
20	Heihe	189,471	147,042	1,286,401
21	Mishan	186,287	176,612	see Jixi
22	Hulin	184,294	193,028	see Jixi
23	Hailin	180,669	216,633	see Mudanjiang
24	Tieli	173,360	235,148[lower-alpha 3]	see Yichun
25	Hailun	164,766	188,461	see Suihua
26	Wudalianchi	135,828	148,465	see Heihe
27	Jiagedaqi[lower-alpha 5]	133,790	142,465	part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
28	Ning'an	123,311	128,469	see Mudanjiang
29	Tongjiang	112,222	99,829	see Jiamusi
30	Suifenhe	111,455	128,363	see Mudanjiang
31	Dongning	96,018	[lower-alpha 6]	see Mudanjiang
32	Muling	91,287	112,882	see Mudanjiang
33	Fuyuan	79,754	[lower-alpha 7]	see Jiamusi
34	Mohe	53,460	[lower-alpha 8]	part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
35	Xinlin[lower-alpha 9]	20,362	50,859	part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
36	Huzhong[lower-alpha 10]	16,359	45,039	part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
37	Songling[lower-alpha 11]	14,872	30,205	part of Daxing'anling Prefecture
—	Shuangcheng	see Harbin	244,898	see Harbin

1. /ˌheɪlɒŋˈdʒæŋ/;^[5] formerly romanized as Heilungkiang
2. New district established after 2010 census: Shuangcheng (Shuangcheng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
3. The stats does not reflect the Yichun PLC reorganization in 2019 after 2010 census.
4. Nenjiang County is currently known as Nenjiang CLC after 2010 census.
5. Jiagedaqi Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.
6. Dongning County is currently known as Dongning CLC after 2010 census.
7. Fuyuan County is currently known as Fuyuan CLC after 2010 census.
8. Mohe County is currently known as Mohe CLC after 2010 census.
9. Xinlin Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Huma County.
10. Huzhong Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Huma County.
11. Songling Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.

Most populous cities in Heilongjiang Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[26]
	Rank		Pop.	Rank		Pop.
Harbin Daqing	1	Harbin	4,860,000	11	Suihua	375,100	Qiqihar Yichun
	2	Daqing	1,425,000	12	Zhaodong	243,000
	3	Qiqihar	1,094,000	13	Anda	232,900
	4	Yichun	765,200	14	Wuchang	190,300
	5	Jixi	674,500	15	Shangzhi	156,600
	6	Mudanjiang	672,000	16	Heihe	148,000
	7	Jiamusi	590,000	17	Hailun	138,000
	8	Hegang	526,000	18	Bei'an	130,700
	9	Shuangyashan	457,000	19	Fujin	125,500
	10	Qitaihe	418,700	20	Tieli	116,300

Politics

Further information: List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

Heilongjiang Province People's Government

List of secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party Heilongjiang Committee:

1. Zhang Qilong (张启龙; 1949–1950)
2. Zhao Dezun (赵德尊; 1950–1953)
3. Feng Jixin (冯纪新; 1953–1954)
4. Ouyang Qin (欧阳钦; 1954–1965)
5. Pan Fusheng (潘复生; 1965–1971)
6. Wang Jiadao (汪家道; 1971–1974)
7. Liu Guangtao (刘光涛; 1977)
8. Yang Yichen (杨易辰; 1977–1983)
9. Li Li'an (李力安; 1983–1985)
10. Sun Weiben (孙维本; 1985–1994)
11. Yue Qifeng (岳岐峰; 1994–1997)
12. Xu Youfang (徐有芳; 1997–2003)
13. Song Fatang (宋法棠; 2003–2005)
14. Qian Yunlu (钱运录; 2005–2008)
15. Ji Bingxuan (吉炳轩; 2008–2013)
16. Wang Xiankui (王宪魁; March 2013 – April 2017)
17. Zhang Qingwei (张庆伟; April 2017 – October 2021)
18. Xu Qin (许勤; October 2021 - present)

List of governors:

1. Yu Yifu (于毅夫; 1949–1952)
2. Zhao Dezun (赵德尊; 1952–1953)
3. Chen Lei (陈雷; 1953–1954)
4. Han Guang (韩光; 1954–1956)
5. Ouyang Qin (欧阳钦; 1956–1958)
6. Li Fanwu (李范五; 1958–1966)
7. Pan Fusheng (潘复生; 1967–1971)
8. Wang Jiadao (汪家道; 1971–1974)
9. Liu Guangtao (刘光涛; February 1977 – December 1977)
10. Yang Yichen (杨易辰; December 1977 – 1979)
11. Chen Lei (陈雷; 1979–1985)
12. Hou Jie (侯捷; 1985–1989)
13. Shao Qihui (邵奇惠; 1989–1994)
14. Tian Fengshan (田凤山; 1994–2000)
15. Song Fatang (宋法棠; 2000–2003)
16. Zhang Zuoji (张左己; 2003 – December 2007)
17. Li Zhanshu (栗战书; December 2007 – August 2010)
18. Wang Xiankui (王宪魁; August 2010 – March 2013)
19. Lu Hao (陆昊; March 2013 – March 2018)
20. Wang Wentao (王文涛; March 2018 – December 2020)
21. Hu Changsheng (胡昌升; February 2021 – December 2022)
22. Liang Huiling (梁惠玲; December 2022 – present)

Economy

In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of CN¥51,906 (US$7,717 in nominal).^[3] Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.^[3]

Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. The province's three major private enterprises, namely the Heilongjiang Sunflower Medicine Ltd, Qitaihe Yidaxin Coal Co., and Heilongjiang Yiyang Group, each contributed more than RMB100 million in tax revenue in 2007.^{[citation needed]}

During the first decade of this century, many private investors were involved in large construction projects in Heilongjiang. In 2006, 928 large projects absorbed private capital of RMB5 million each, and 101 projects attracted RMB100 million each within the province. In line with the central government's policy to revitalize the Northeast, Heilongjiang also restructured its six pillar industries, namely equipment manufacturing, petrochemicals, food processing, energy, pharmaceuticals, and forest and timber processing.^{[citation needed]}

Agriculture

Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice, corn and soybeans, with a total of 14.37 million ha (35.5 million acres) of grain plantation area, including 4 million ha (9.9 million acres) of rice plantation and 5.5 million ha (14 million acres) of corn.^[27][28] Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil (chernozem), one of the most fertile soil types.^[29][30] Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.^[29] Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice, known for high quality brand rice varieties.^[31][32] The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.^[33] Commercial crops grown include beets, flax, sunflowers.^[32]

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger, the red-crowned crane, and the lynx.

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.

Industry

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.

Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China.^[34] Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power, with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production.^[35]

Development zones

• Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is 208.54 km² (80.52 sq mi), and it recently expanded the area by 32.45 km² (12.53 sq mi).^[36]

• Heihe Border Economic Cooperation Area
• Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 34 km² (13 sq mi) in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects, high-tech industrial development.^[37]

• Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone

Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.^[38]

• Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation Area

Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is 548 km (341 mi). Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is 21 km (13 mi) away.^[39]

Demographics

Heilongjiang population pyramid in 2019

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1912[40]	2,029,000	—
1928[41]	3,725,000	+83.6%
1936–37[42]	3,751,000	+0.7%
1947[43]	2,844,000	−24.2%
1954[44]	11,897,309	+318.3%
1964[45]	20,118,271	+69.1%
1982[46]	32,665,546	+62.4%
1990[47]	35,214,873	+7.8%
2000[48]	36,237,576	+2.9%
2010[49]	38,312,224	+5.7%
2020	31,850,088	−16.9%
Established in 1923; dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present). Harbin part of Heilongjiang Province until 1947–1949 and 1953–1954. Dongsheng SAR dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present). Songjiang Province dissolved in 1955 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province. Hejiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Songjiang Province / Heilongjiang Province (present). Nenjiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.

Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010.^[3] As of 2021^[update], the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.^[3]

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese, while other ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Xibe, and Hezhen.

Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)
Nationality	Population	Percentage
Han Chinese	34,465,039	95.20%
Manchus	1,037,080	2.86%
Koreans	388,458	1.07%
Mongols	141,495	0.39%
Hui	124,003	0.34%
Xibe	43,608	0.12%
Hezhe	8,886	0.03%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source:^[50]

Religion

Further information: Religion in Northeast China

Ji Le Temple (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoism. Manchu shamanism is practiced by many Manchu people. Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province.

Culture

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

Media

Heilongjiang Daily Press Group

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters.

Tourism

A Siberian tiger at Harbin Siberian Tiger Park

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.^[51] Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city.^[52]

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.^[53]

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo, in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls.

The province has a zoological park called "Harbin Siberian Tiger Park".^[54]

Colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang

Partial list of universities:

• Daqing Staff and Workers University
• Harbin Institute of Technology
• Harbin Engineering University
• Harbin Medical University
• Harbin Normal University
• Harbin University of Science and Technology
• Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
• Heilongjiang Commercial University
• Heilongjiang University
• Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
• Heilongjiang International University
• Heilongjiang Institute of Technology
• Northeast Agricultural University
• Northeast Forestry University
• Northeast Petroleum University
• Qiqihar University

Sports

Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.^[55] For example, it is promoting bandy as an Olympic sport.^[56]

Events and leagues

• 2009 Winter Universiade
• 2018 Bandy World Championship, Division B
• Asia League Ice Hockey

Notable people

• Mao Buyi, singer-songwriter
• Meng Nan, singer-songwriter
• Ningning, singer from the K-pop girl group Aespa
• Song Yadong, UFC Fighter
• Wang Manyu, Chinese table tennis player
• Zhang Shan Qi, racing driver

See also

• China portal
• Geography portal

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Heilongjiang

Notes

References

1. "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
2. "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
3. "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 2023年黑龙江省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". heilongjiang.gov.cn. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
4. "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
5. Longman, J.C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL. ISBN 978-1405881173.
6. "Heilongjiang and China's Food Security". Stratfor. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
7. Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang Archived 2014-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
8. 浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点. iqh.net.cn (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
9. Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. p. 6. ISBN 0-89065-118-3.
10. Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117
11. Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4094-6389-4
12. Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (12 October 2007), Climate map of Asia, excluding (South)west-Asia (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification")., retrieved 12 March 2022 – via Wikimedia Commons
13. "黑龙江省交通运输厅". Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
14. Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade, China Daily, 19 June 2007.
15. Andrew Higgins (16 July 2016). "An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
16. "Russia Completes Construction of First-Ever Rail Bridge to China", The Moscow Times, 21 March 2019, retrieved 16 November 2020
17. Россия и Китай соединили железнодорожный мост через Амур [Russia and China connected a railway bridge across the Amur] (in Russian), RBK Group, 21 March 2019, retrieved 16 November 2020
18. "Railway bridge over Amur river to China will be built by end of 2020, envoy says". TASS. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
19. "Новости Хабаровска". Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
20. 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
21. Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
22. Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
23. Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
24. 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
25. 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
26. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
27. "China Focus: "Grain barn" promotes new rice varieties for better yields". Xinhua. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
28. "Xinhua Headlines: China embraces bumper harvest with macro-adjusting in "grain barn"". Xinhua. 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
29. Wen, Dazhong; Liang, Wenju (2001). "Soil Fertility Quality and Agricultural Sustainable Development in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 3: 41–43. doi:10.1023/A:1011480228613. S2CID 153085940.
30. Zuo, Mandy (21 April 2021). "Illegal trade in rich black soil from Heilongjiang is robbing farmers in China's cereal food bowl of a future". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
31. Park, Hong (2010). "The formation of high-class brand rice production area and functions of farmers' cooperatives in north east China: Case study of Wuchang City, Heilongjiang Province". Review of Agricultural Economics of Hokkaido University (65): 101–115. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
32. "Harbin — the capital city of China's high-quality rice". China Daily. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
33. Hu, Yanan (2019). "Rice production and climate change in Northeast China: evidence of adaptation through land use shifts". Environmental Research Letters. 14 (2): 024014. Bibcode:2019ERL....14b4014H. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aafa55.
34. Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-009-04898-9.
35. Zhang, Yuning; Tang, Ningning; Niu, Yuguang; Du, Xiaoze (1 December 2016). "Wind energy rejection in China: Current status, reasons and perspectives". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 66: 322–344. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.008. ISSN 1364-0321.
36. RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
37. RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
38. RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
39. RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District
40. 1912年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
41. 1928年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
42. 1936-37年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
43. 1947年全国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
44. 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
45. 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012.
46. 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
47. 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012.
48. 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.
49. "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013.
50. National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003). 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. ISBN 978-7105054251., 2 volumes
51. "Bukui Mosque - the Largest Glazed-Tile Building in Heilongjiang Province". www.foreignercn.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
52. "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
53. "Ice and Snow Festival in Harbin -- china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
54. DK (2 June 2014). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China. Penguin Books. p. 457. ISBN 978-1465430939.
55. "2018 World Bandy Championship Men's Group B will be held in Harbin on 27th". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
56. Heilongjiang Province Promotes Bandy as Olympic Sport!

External links

• Heilongjiang Government website
• Heilongjiang travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Economic profile for Heilongjiang at HKTDC
• Heilongjiang International University Archived 1 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine