Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Peltigeraceae From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Peltigera is a genus of approximately 100 species of folioselichens in the familyPeltigeraceae.[2] Commonly known as the dog or pelt lichens, species of Peltigera are often terricolous (growing on soil), but can also occur on moss, trees, rocks, and many other substrates in many parts of the world.[3]
Quick Facts Scientific classification, Type species ...
Most species of Peltigera have the cyanobacteriumNostoc as the dominant photobiont but some have the algae Coccomyxa. The presence of both a green alga and a cyanobacterium makes some tripartite; in this case they show cephalodium growths containing the third partner, Nostoc. Because of their ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, such lichens are influential in soil composition and generation.
Species of Peltigera are foliose, with broad lobed thalli. Although the size of the thalli is variable and species-dependent, in some species the thalli can grow quite large, up to 30cm in diameter.[4] The color of the upper surface may range from drab gray, brown or greenish. Lower surfaces are typically without a cortex (unlike other foliose lichens),[5] and cottony, often with fungal hyphae fused to form a network of veins. The reproductive structures isidia, soredia or lobules may be present in some species.[6] All species of Peltigera associate with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Nostoc.[7]
Peltigera can be distinguished from the equally large and leaf-like lichen, Nephroma, by its veined lower cortex; Nephroma, by contrast, has a smooth, unveined lower cortex.[8]
Habitat
Peltigera are mainly ground-dwelling, but can also be found on mosses or dead wood.[8] Some species are used as forest succession indicators.
In 1753, Linnaeus first described the species Lichen apthosus and L. caninus back when all known lichens were grouped into the genus Lichen.[9] Later, in 1787, Willdenow circumscribed the genus Peltigera, and redescribed P. aphthosa and P. canina.[10]
The generic name is derived from the Latin languagepelta (small shield), and refers to the shield-shaped thallus in these species. The common name, the dog lichen, refers to the perceived resemblance of P.caninus to a dog.[11]
Phylogeny
In a comparative analysis of both morphological and chemical characteristics as well as sequences of large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA, it was shown that the genus Peltigera is monophyletic.[12] Several species, such as P. canina, have been changed to a group as there appears to be several species clustered under a single name.
The Peltigera have a widespread distribution, and are found on all continents. There are 34 North American species, 30 European species, 25 species from South America, and 16 species from New Zealand.[3][4][13][14] There are 27 Peltigera species that have been recorded from China.[15]
Peltigera species have been used historically to treat wounds, urinary disorders, thrush, tuberculosis, and rabies.[11][39][40]P. apthosa was used as a remedy for cough[41] and infantile aphthae.[42]P. furfuracea has shown potent antioxidant activity and reducing power.[43] Similarly, Peltigera specimens from Hawaii and Iceland have also been reported to show pronounced antioxidant activity.[44]
Food source
Although a few reports have described caribou and reindeer feeding on the thalli of Peltigera,[45] in general, species of Peltigera are not commonly used as a food source by mammals.[46][47] A study of the grazing habits of the land snails Cantareus aspersa and Limax species revealed that these snails prefer to eat Peltigera species (such as P. praetextata) that are lacking in secondary metabolites.[48]
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Vitikainen O. (1994). (1998). Taxonomic notes on neotropical species of Pelitgera. In: Lichenology in Latin America: history, current knowledge and applications. Edited by M. P. Marcelli, and M.R.D. Seaward. CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Estado de Sao Paulo. pp. 135-139.
O'Brien, Heath E.; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lutzoni, François (2005). "Assessing host specialization in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichen fungus Peltigera". European Journal of Phycology. 40 (4): 363–378. doi:10.1080/09670260500342647.
Sharnoff, Stephen; Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-08249-5.
Goward T, Goffinet B, Vitikainen O (1995). "Synopsis of the genus Peltigera (lichenized Ascomycetes) in British Columbia, with a key to the North American species". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73: 91–111. doi:10.1139/b95-012.
Han, Liu-Fu; Zheng, Tian-Xin; Guo, Shou-Yu (2015). "A new species in the lichen genus Peltigera from northern China based on morphology and DNA sequence data". The Bryologist. 118 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-118.1.046.
Goffinet, Bernard; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Goward, Trevor (2003). "Phylogenetic inferences based on nrDNA sequences support five morphospecies within the Peltigera didactyla complex (lichenized Ascomycota)". The Bryologist. 106 (3): 349–364. doi:10.1639/01.
Dodge, C.W.; Rudolph, E.D. (1955). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the subantarctic islands. I-IV". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 42 (2): 131–149.
Goffinet, B.; Miadlikowska, J. (1999). "Peltigera phyllidiosa (Peltigeraceae, Ascomycotina), a new species from the Southern Appalachians corroborated by ITS sequences". The Lichenologist. 31 (3): 247–256.
Magain, Nicolas; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Lutzoni, François; Miądlikowska, Jolanta (2016). "Disentangling the Peltigera polydactylon species complex by recognizing two new taxa, P. polydactylon subsp. udeghe and P. seneca". Herzogia. 29 (2): 514–528. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.514.
Han, Liu-Fu; Yang, Jing-Yuan; Beu, Shu-Qing; Guo, Shou-Yu (2019). "Peltigera shennongjiana, a new cyanolichen from Central China". The Lichenologist. 51 (6): 561–574. doi:10.1017/s0024282919000355.
Han, Liu-Fu; Zhang, Ya-Ya; Guo, Shou-Yu (2013). "Peltigera wulingensis, a new lichen (Ascomycota) from north China". The Lichenologist. 45 (3): 329–336. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000837.
Odabasoglu F, Aslan A, Cakir A, etal. (March 2005). "Antioxidant activity, reducing power and total phenolic content of some lichen species". Fitoterapia. 76 (2): 216–9. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2004.05.012. PMID15752633.
Maser Z, Maser C, Trapper JM (1985). "Food habits of the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) in Oregon". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (5): 1084–1088. doi:10.1139/z85-162.
Benesperi R, Tretiach M (2004). "Differential land snail damage to selected species of the lichen genus Peltigera". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 32 (2): 127–138. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00141-8.
Ingólfsdóttir K, Gudmundsdóttir GF, Ogmundsdóttir HM, Paulus K, Haraldsdóttir S, Kristinsson H, Bauer R (2002). "Effects of tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia on 5-/15-lipoxygenases and proliferation of malignant cell lines in vitro". Phytomedicine. 9 (7): 654–658. doi:10.1078/094471102321616481. PMID12487331.