Organisation of African Unity

For the successor organisation, see African Union.

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; French: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) was an African intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 33 signatory governments.^[1][a] Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent.^[2]

Organisation of African Unity Organisation de l'unité africaine
1963–2002
Flag Emblem
Anthem: "Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together"
OAU during its foundation
Capital	Addis Ababa
Secretary-general
• 1963–1964	Kifle Wodajo
• 1964–1972	Diallo Telli
• 1972–1974	Nzo Ekangaki
• 1974–1978	William Eteki
• 1978–1983	Edem Kodjo
• 1983–1985	Peter Onu
• 1985–1989	Ide Oumarou
• 1989–2001	Salim Ahmed Salim
• 2001–2002	Amara Essy
History
• Charter	25 May[citation needed] 1963
• Disbanded	9 July 2002
Preceded by Succeeded by Casablanca Group Monrovia Group African Union
a Headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The absence of an armed force like the United Nations peacekeepers left the organization with no means to enforce its decisions. It was also unwilling to become involved in the internal affairs of member nations, prompting some critics to claim the OAU as a ineffective in taking decisive action. Recognizing this, in September 1999 the OAU issued the Sirte Declaration, calling for a new body to take its place. On 9 July 2002, the OAU's Chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, formally dissolved the OAU and replaced it with the African Union (AU), its immediate successor, which upholds many of the founding principles of the OAU.^[3]

History

See also: Union of African States and History of the African Union

The inception of the OAU's establishment was the Sanniquellie Pledge at the First West African Summit Conference held in Sanniquellie, Liberia on 15–19 July 1959.^[4] President Tubman of Liberia hosted President Touré of Guinea, and Prime Minister Nkrumah of Ghana, and the three pledged to work together for the formation of a "Community of Independent African States".^[5]

The OAU was founded in May 1963^[6] in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by 32 African states with the main aim of bringing the African nations together and resolve the issues within the continent.^[6] Its first ever conference was held on 1 May 1963^[7] in Addis Ababa.^[7][6] At that conference, the late Gambian historian – and one of the leading Gambian nationalists and Pan-Africanists at the time – Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof delivered a speech in front of the member states, in which he said:^[7]

It is barely 75 years when the European Powers sat around the table in Germany each holding a dagger to carve up Africa for its own benefit.… Your success will inspire and speed up the freedom and total independence of the African continent and eradicate imperialism and colonialism from the continent and eventually neo-colonialism from the globe… Your failure, which no true African in Africa is praying for, will prolong our struggle with bitterness and disappointment. I, therefore, adjure that you ignore any suggestion outside Africa and holding that the present civilization, which some of the big powered are boasting of, sprang up from Africa, and realising that the entire world has something earthly to learn from Africa, you would endeavour your utmost to come to agreement, save Africa from the clutches of neo-colonialism and resurrect African dignity, manhood and national stability.

Aims

The OAU had the following primary aims:

Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie with President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser in Addis Ababa for the Organisation of African Unity summit, 1963.

• To co-ordinate and intensify the co-operation of African states in order to achieve a better life for the people of Africa.^[1]
• To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.
• The OAU was also dedicated to the eradication of all forms of colonialism and white minority rule as, when it was established, there were several states that had not yet won their independence or were white minority-ruled. South Africa and Angola were two such countries. The OAU proposed two ways of ridding the continent of colonialism and white minority rule. First, it would defend the interests of independent countries and help to pursue the independence those of still-colonised ones. Secondly, it would remain neutral in terms of world affairs, preventing its members from being controlled once more by outside powers.

A Liberation Committee was established to aid independence movements and look after the interests of already-independent states. The OAU also aimed to stay neutral in terms of global politics, which would prevent them from being controlled once more by outside forces – an especial danger with the Cold War.

The OAU had other aims, too:

• Ensure that all Africans enjoyed human rights.
• Raise the living standards of all Africans.
• Settle arguments and disputes between members – not through fighting but rather peaceful and diplomatic negotiation.^[8]

Soon after achieving independence, a number of African states expressed a growing desire for more unity within the continent. Not everyone was agreed on how this unity could be achieved, however, and two opinionated groups emerged in this respect:

• The Casablanca bloc, led by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, wanted a federation of all African countries. Aside from Ghana, it comprised also Algeria, Guinea, Morocco, Egypt, Mali and Libya. Founded in 1961, its members were described as "progressive states".
• The Monrovian bloc, led by Senghor of Senegal, felt that unity should be achieved gradually, through economic cooperation. It did not support the notion of a political federation. Its other members were Nigeria, Liberia, Ethiopia, and most of the former French colonies.

Some of the initial discussions took place at Sanniquellie, Liberia. The dispute was eventually resolved when Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I invited the two groups to Addis Ababa, where the OAU and its headquarters were subsequently established. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states.

At the time of the OAU's disbanding, 53 out of the 54 African states were members; Morocco left on 12 November 1984 following the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as the government of Western Sahara in 1982.^[9]

Criticism and praise

The organisation was widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking shop" with little power. It struggled to enforce its decisions, and its lack of armed force made intervention exceedingly difficult. Civil wars in Nigeria and Angola continued unabated for years, and the OAU could do nothing to stop them.

The policy of non-interference in the affairs of member states also limited the effectiveness of the OAU. Thus, when human rights were violated, as in Uganda under Idi Amin in the 1970s, the OAU was powerless to stop them.

The Organisation was praised by Ghanaian former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, critics argue that, in its 39 years of existence, the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it as a "Dictators' Club"^[10] or "Dictators' Trade Union".

The OAU was, however, successful in some respects. Many of its members were members of the UN, too, and they stood together within the latter organisation to safeguard African interests – especially in respect of lingering colonialism. Its pursuit of African unity, therefore, was in some ways successful.

Total unity was difficult to achieve, however, as the OAU was largely divided. The former French colonies, still dependent on France, had formed the Monrovia Group, and there was a further split between those that supported the United States and those that supported the USSR in the Cold War of ideologies. The pro-Socialist faction was led by Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, while Félix Houphouët-Boigny of the Ivory Coast led the pro-capitalists. Because of these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to take action against states involved in internal conflicts because it could rarely reach an agreement on what was to be done.

The OAU did play a pivotal role in eradicating colonialism and white minority rule in Africa. It gave weapons, training and military bases to rebel groups fighting white minority and colonial rule. Groups such as the ANC and PAC, fighting apartheid, and ZANU and ZAPU, fighting to topple the government of Rhodesia, were aided in their endeavours by the OAU. African harbours were closed to the South African government, and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over the rest of the continent. The UN was convinced by the OAU to expel South Africa from bodies such as the World Health Organization.

The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee problems. It set up the African Development Bank for economic projects intended to make Africa financially stronger. Although all African countries eventually won their independence, it remained difficult for them to become totally independent of their former colonisers. There was often continued reliance on the former colonial powers for economic aid, which often came with strings attached: loans had to be paid back at high interest-rates, and goods had to be sold to the aiders at low rates.

The US and Soviet Union intervened in post-colonial Africa in pursuit of their own objectives. Help was sometimes provided in the form of technology and aid-workers. Despite the fight to keep "Westerners" (colonialists) out of African affairs, the OAU failed to achieve to meet goals set up to advocate African affairs. The Organisation still heavily depended on Western help (military and economic) to intervene in African affairs, despite African leaders' displeasure at dealing with the international community, especially Western countries.

Agencies

Autonomous specialised agencies, working under the auspices of the OAU, were:

• Pan-African Telecommunications Union (PATU)
• Pan-African Postal Union (PAPU)
• Pan-African News Agency (PANA)
• Union of African National Television and Radio Organisations (URTNA)
• Union of African Railways (UAR)
• Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU)
• Supreme Council for Sports in Africa
• African Civil Aviation Commission

List of chairpersons

Main article: Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity

OAU summits

Egypt's president Nasser at the Cairo summit 1964

Host City	Host Country	Date
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	22–25 May 1963
Cairo	Egypt	17–21 July 1964
Accra	Ghana	21–26 October 1965
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	5–9 November 1966
Kinshasa	Democratic Republic of the Congo	11–14 September 1967
Algiers	Algeria	13–16 September 1968
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	6–10 September 1969
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	1–3 September 1970
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	21–23 June 1971
Rabat	Morocco	12–15 June 1972
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	27–28 May 1973
Mogadishu	Somalia	1974
Kampala	Uganda	28 July–1 August 1975
Port Louis	Mauritius	2–6 July 1976
Libreville	Gabon	2–5 July 1977
Khartoum	Sudan	18–22 July 1978
Monrovia	Liberia	17–20 July 1979
Freetown	Sierra Leone	1–4 July 1980
Nairobi	Kenya	24–27 June 1981
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	6–12 June 1983
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	12–15 November 1984
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	18–20 July 1985
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	28–30 July 1986
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	27–29 July- 1987
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	Extraordinary Summit: October 1987
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	25–28 May 1988
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	24–26 July 1989
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	9–11 July 1990
Abuja	Nigeria	3–5 July 1991
Dakar	Senegal	29 June – 1 July 1992
Cairo	Egypt	28–30 June 1993
Tunis	Tunisia	13–15 June 1994
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	26–28 June 1995
Yaoundé	Cameroon	8–10 June 1996
Harare	Zimbabwe	2–4 June 1997
Ouagadougou	Burkina Faso	8–10 June 1998
Algiers	Algeria	12–14 July 1999
Sirte	Libya	Extraordinary Summit 6–9 September 1999
Lomé	Togo	10–12 July 2000
Lusaka	Zambia	9–11 July 2001, the last OAU summit

OAU members by date of admission (53 states)

Date	Countries	Notes
25 May 1963	Algeria
	Burundi
	Cameroon
	Central African Republic
	Chad
	Congo
	DR Congo	1971–97 Zaire
	Dahomey	From 1975 Benin
	Egypt
	Ethiopia
	Gabon
	Ghana
	Guinea
	Ivory Coast	From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire
	Liberia
	Libya
	Madagascar
	Mali
	Mauritania
	Morocco	Withdrew 12 November 1984, protesting the membership of Western Sahara. However, Morocco joined the African Union in January 2017, 33 years after its withdrawal.[11]
	Niger
	Nigeria
	Rwanda
	Senegal
	Sierra Leone
	Somalia
	Sudan
	Tanganyika	Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania on 1 November 1964.
	Togo
	Tunisia
	Uganda
	Upper Volta	From 1984 Burkina Faso
	Zanzibar	Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 November 1964.
13 December 1963	Kenya
13 July 1964	Malawi
16 December 1964	Zambia
October 1965	Gambia
31 October 1966	Botswana
	Lesotho
August 1968	Mauritius
24 September 1968	Swaziland (now Eswatini)
12 October 1968	Equatorial Guinea
19 November 1973	Guinea-Bissau
11 February 1975	Angola
18 July 1975	Cape Verde
	Comoros
	Mozambique
	São Tomé and Príncipe
29 June 1976	Seychelles
27 June 1977	Djibouti
1 June 1980	Zimbabwe
22 February 1982	Western Sahara
3 June 1990	Namibia
24 May 1993	Eritrea
6 June 1994	South Africa

See also

• African Parliamentary Union (APU), another inter-parliamentary institution only of some African countries (non-members are Eritrea, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Sahrawi Republic)^[12]
• Africa Day
• Bamako Convention
• Casablanca Group
• Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
• List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Africa)
• Monrovia Group
• MPAIAC
• Pan-Africanism

• Africa portal

Notes

1. Due to the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar into Tanzania about a year later, the 33 original signatories represent 32 modern states.

References

1. "Department of International Relations and Cooperation – South Africa". dfa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
2. "African Union (See also – Organization of African Unity (OAU)) Archives". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
3. Beverton, Alys (10 May 2009). "Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)". Retrieved 27 May 2021.
4. The First West African Summit Conference: Held at Sanniquellie, Central Province, Liberian hinterland, July 15-19, 1959. The Liberian Information Service. 1959.
5. "Special Conferences". International Organization. 16 (2): 444–446. 1962. doi:10.1017/S0020818300011218.
6. Jaynes, Gerald D., Encyclopedia of African American Society, Volume 1 (contributors: Thomson Gale (Firm), Sage Publications), (2005), p. 672, ISBN 978-0761927648 Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
7. "Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa 1st May 1963 – Alhaji A E Cham-Joof". The Point Newspaper, 29 June 2006. Archived 23 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
8. Elias, T. O. (1965). "The Charter of the Organization of African Unity". The American Journal of International Law. 59 (2): 243–267. doi:10.2307/2196967. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2196967. S2CID 146867168.
9. Beverton, Alys (10 May 2009). "Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)". blackpast.org.
10. Reynolds, Paul (8 July 2002). "BBC News – World – Africa – African Union replaces dictators' club". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
11. "Morocco rejoins the African Union after 33 years". Al Jazeera. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
12. "African Parliamentary Union". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

Further reading

• OAU After Twenty Years. Praeger (1984); ISBN 0-03-062473-8;
• Terry M. Mays, Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981–1982, Praeger (2002); ISBN 0-275-97606-8
• Chaloka Beyani, Chris Stringer, African Exodus: Refugee Crisis, Human Rights, & the 1969 OAU Convention. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (1995); ISBN 0-934143-73-0
• CEC.rwanda2.free.fr, Report on the Rwandan genocide in 2000.
• Black-king.net, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia speaks at the OAU conference, Addis Ababa, 1963
• Willie Molesi, Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide, ISBN 979-8332308994
• Willie Molesi, Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities,ISBN 979-8334767546