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Comparison of a wide range of pressures From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with +
and -
, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.
Magnitude | Pressure | lbf/in2 or dB | Item |
---|---|---|---|
10−17 Pa | 10 aPa | Pressure in outer space in intergalactic voids[1][2] | |
10−15 Pa | 1–10 fPa | Pressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way[1][3] | |
10−12 Pa | < 1 pPa | Lowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions[4] | |
10−10 Pa | |||
40 pPa | Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day,[5] very approximately (4×10−11 Pa)[citation needed] | ||
10−10 Pa | < 100 pPa | Extreme-high vacuum[6] | |
100 pPa | Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately (1×10−10 Pa)[7] | ||
300 pPa | Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night,[5] very approximately (3×10−10 Pa)[8] | ||
10−9 Pa | < 1 nPa | Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's ATLAS experiment[9] (operates at a pressure of 1 nPa to 10 nPa)[10] | |
~1 nPa | Approximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun[11] (variable)[citation needed] | ||
10−8 Pa | 10 nPa | Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (magneto-optical trap)[12] | |
10–700 nPa | Atmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit, around 500 km altitude[13][14] | ||
10−7 Pa | 100 nPa | Highest pressure still considered ultra-high vacuum[15][16] | |
10−6 Pa | 0.1 - 10 μPa | Pressure inside a cathode ray tube (approximate)[17][18] | |
1 μPa | Reference pressure for sound in water[19] | ||
1 μPa | Pressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)[citation needed] | ||
10−5 Pa | 10 μPa | Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.[20] | |
20 μPa | 0 dB | Reference pressure for sound in air[21] | |
±20 μPa | 0 dB | Threshold of human hearing[21] | |
10−4 Pa | |||
10−3 Pa | 1–100 mPa | Vacuum pressures used for molecular distillation[22] | |
10−2 Pa | |||
10−1 Pa | 100 mPa | Upper limit of high vacuum[15][23] | |
~200 mPa | Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)[24] | ||
1 Pa | 1 Pa | Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface[25] | |
1 Pa | Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment size[citation needed] | ||
10 Pa | 10 Pa | Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level[26] | |
10 Pa | Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph or 14 km/h)[27][28][29] | ||
86 Pa | Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat[30] | ||
102 Pa | 100 Pa | Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph or 45 km/h)[27][28][31] | |
120 Pa | Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat[32][33] | ||
133 Pa | 1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg[34] | ||
±200 Pa | ~140 dB | Threshold of pain pressure level for sound where prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss[citation needed] | |
±300 Pa | ±0.043 psi | Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure)[35][36] | |
400–900 Pa | 0.06–0.13 psi | Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth[37] | |
610 Pa | 0.089 psi | Partial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa)[38][39] | |
103 Pa | 1–10 kPa | Typical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate)[40] | |
2 kPa | Pressure of popping popcorn (very approximate)[41][42] | ||
2.6 kPa | 0.38 psi | Pressure at which water boils at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg)[43] | |
5 kPa | 0.8 psi | Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult[44][45] | |
6.3 kPa | 0.9 psi | Pressure where water boils at normal human body temperature (37 °C), the pressure below which humans absolutely cannot survive (Armstrong limit)[46] | |
+9.8 kPa | +1.4 psi | Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg)[47] | |
104 Pa | 10 kPa | 1.5 psi | Pressure increase per meter of a water column[26] |
10 kPa | 1.5 psi | Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation[citation needed] | |
+13 kPa | +1.9 psi | High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes[48] | |
< +16 kPa | +2.3 psi | Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) (gauge pressure)[44] | |
+19.3 kPa | +2.8 psi | High end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times[citation needed] | |
+34 kPa | +5 psi | Level of long-duration blast overpressure (from a large-scale explosion) that would cause most buildings to collapse[49] | |
34 kPa | Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest[50] | ||
+70 kPa | +10 psi | Pressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun[51] | |
70 kPa | Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb[52] | ||
75 kPa | Minimum airplane cabin pressure and lowest pressure for normal breathing (at 2440 m) and also the limit stated by the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR)[53] | ||
80 kPa | 12 psi | Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)[citation needed] | |
87 kPa | 13 psi | Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)[54] | |
105 Pa | 100 kPa | 15 psi | 1 bar (14.5 psi),[55] approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter[34] |
101.325 kPa | 15 psi | Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)[34] | |
150 to > 550 kPa | 25 to > 80 psi | Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)[citation needed][56] | |
+180 to +250 kPa | +26 to +36 psi | Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[citation needed] | |
+210 to +900 kPa | +30 to +130 psi | Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[57] | |
300 kPa | 50 psi | Water pressure of a garden hose[58] | |
300 to 700 kPa | 50–100 psi | Typical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US[59] | |
358 to 524 kPa | 52-76 psi | Threshold of pain for objects outside the human body hitting it[60] | |
400 to 600 kPa | 60–90 psi | Carbon dioxide pressure in a champagne bottle[61] | |
520 kPa | 75 psi | Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide[62] | |
+690 to +830 kPa | +100 to +120 psi | Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[citation needed] | |
800 kPa | 120 psi | Vapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures[63] | |
106 Pa | 0.8–2 MPa | 120–290 psi | Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives[citation needed] |
1.1 MPa | 162 psi | Pressure of an average human bite[citation needed] | |
2.8–8.3 MPa | 400–1,200 psi | Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun[64] | |
5 MPa | 700 psi | Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle[58] | |
5 MPa | 700 psi | Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m[65][66] | |
10-21 MPa | 1,500–3,000 psi | Chamber pressure of a high-powered (non-carbon dioxide) air gun | |
6.9–27 MPa | 1,000–4,000 psi | Water spray pressure used by pressure washers[67] | |
9.2 MPa | 1,300 psi | Atmosphere of Venus[68] | |
107 Pa | > 10 MPa | > 1,500 psi | Pressure exerted by a 45 kg person wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor[69] |
15.5 Mpa | 2,250 psi | Primary coolant loop of a pressurized water reactor | |
20 MPa | 2,900 psi | Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions[70] | |
21 MPa | 3,000 psi | Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar)[71] | |
21 MPa | 3,000 psi | Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes a solid bulletproof object[citation needed] | |
22 MPa | 3,200 psi | Critical pressure of water | |
28 MPa | 4,100 psi | Overpressure caused by the bomb explosion during the Oklahoma City bombing[72] | |
40 MPa | 5,800 psi | Water pressure at the depth of the wreck of the Titanic | |
69 MPa | 10,000 psi | Water pressure withstood by the DSV Shinkai 6500 in visiting ocean depths of > 6500 meters[73] | |
70 to 280 MPa | 10,000 to 40,000 psi | Maximal chamber pressure during a pistol firing[74] | |
108 Pa | 110 MPa | 16,000 psi | Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar)[75] |
100 to 300 MPa | 15,000 to 44,000 psi | Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)[76] | |
250 MPa | 36,000 psi | Record diesel engine common rail fuel system pressure[77] | |
400 MPa | 58,000 psi | Chamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning machine gun discharge[citation needed] | |
240–620 MPa | 35,000–90,000 psi | Water pressure used in a water jet cutter[78] | |
109 Pa | 1 GPa | Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)[citation needed] | |
1.5 GPa | Diamond melts using a 3 kJ laser without turning into graphite first[79] | ||
1.5 GPa | 220,000 psi | tensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5[80] | |
5.8 GPa | 840,000 psi | Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon | |
1010 Pa | 10 GPa | Pressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar)[81] | |
18 GPa | Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond[82] | ||
24 to 110 GPa | Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth[citation needed] | ||
40 GPa | Quantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper[83] | ||
48 GPa | Detonation pressure of pure CL-20,[84] the most powerful high explosive in mass production | ||
69 GPa | 10,000,000 psi | Highest water jet pressure attained in research lab[85] | |
96 GPa | Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar)[81] | ||
1011 Pa | 100 GPa | Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT) [86] | |
130 GPa | Ultimate tensile strength of monolayer graphene[87] | ||
360 GPa | Pressure inside Earth's inner core (3.64 million bar)[88][89] | ||
495 GPa | Lower bound at which metallic hydrogen theoretically forms | ||
> 600 GPa | Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell[90] | ||
1012 Pa | 5 TPa | Pressure generated by the National Ignition Facility fusion reactor | |
1013 Pa | 10 TPa | solid matter changes to the metastable inner-shell molecular state | |
32.9 TPa | Pressure at which metallic helium theoretically forms[91] | ||
1014 Pa | 100 TPa | Pressure generated by the extremely high-pressure laser implosion plasmas generator.[92] | |
208.4 TPa | Pressure at which metallic neon theoretically forms (the highest metallization pressure for any element)[93] | ||
540 TPa | Pressure inside an "Ivy Mike"-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar)[94][95] | ||
1015 Pa | 6.5 PPa | Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)[94][96] | |
1016 Pa | 25 PPa | Pressure inside Sun's core (250 billion bar)[97] | |
1023 Pa | 100 EPa - 100 YPa | Pressure inside the core of a white dwarf at the Chandrasekhar limit[98] | |
1032 Pa | 3.2-160 QPa | Pressure range inside a neutron star[99] | |
1035 Pa | Approximate pressure at the center of a proton[100] | ||
... | ... | ... | ... |
10113 Pa | 4.6×10113 Pa | 6.7×10109 psi | The Planck pressure (4.63×10108 bar) |
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