Operation Prosperity Guardian

Not to be confused with Operation Poseidon Archer.

Operation Prosperity Guardian is a United States-led military operation by a multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Houthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.^[12]

Operation Prosperity Guardian
Part of the Red Sea crisis and the Yemeni civil war
Date 18 December 2023 – present (1 year and 5 days) Location Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen Status Ongoing U.S. declares Red Sea conflict with Houthis as largest naval battle since World War II[1][2]
Belligerents
Yemen (SPC)  Yemeni Navy (SPC faction) Houthis	United States Navy[3]  Royal Navy  Royal Australian Navy  Royal Bahrain Naval Force  Royal Canadian Navy  Royal Danish Navy  Finnish Navy  Hellenic Navy  Royal Netherlands Navy  Royal New Zealand Navy[4]  Royal Norwegian Navy  Republic of Singapore Navy  Sri Lanka Navy[5] Supported by:  Seychelles Coast Guard
Commanders and leaders
	Joe Biden Lloyd Austin Rishi Sunak[6] Grant Shapps[7] Keir Starmer John Healey
Strength
Unclear (see Houthi armed strength)	Unknown
Casualties and losses
10 deaths, 2 injured[8]	3 deaths (non-combat)[9] 1 F-18 aircraft[10]

Bab-el-Mandeb transits by cargo vessels
over 10,000 deadweight tonnage (approx.)^[11]

         Before attacks

         After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)

         After naval protection operation started (18 December 2023)

         After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)

100

200

300

400

500

600

45 Week in 2023

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

1 Week in 2024

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

Following the breakout of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, the Houthi movement in Yemen blockaded Israel in the Red Sea and launched a series of attacks against commercial vessels heading or related to Israel, with the stated purpose of preventing the bombing of Gaza and forcing Israel to let food and medicine into the strip.^[13][14][15] On 18 December 2023, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade^[16] and countering threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce in the region.^[17]

The coalition currently has more than 20 members, of which ten are anonymously involved.^[18][19] Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants.^[20] France, Italy and Spain have also declined to participate.^[21] The chairman of the Suez Canal Authority, Usama Rabia, claimed that "navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea".^[22] Nevertheless, on 10 January, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted a resolution demanding a cessation of Houthi attacks on merchant vessels.^[23]

The day of the UNSC resolution, the Houthis launched their largest-ever barrage of 18–24 attack drones and missiles at international ships and warships in the Red Sea.^[24][25] In response, on 12 January, the coalition launched its first airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen, to which the Houthis have pledged to retaliate.^[26]

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour.^[27]

Background

See also: Red Sea crisis

The operation aims to ensure both the freedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden.^[3] Following the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces.^[28] Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off their automatic identification system signal during transit.^[29][30] The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war.^[31] As of 1 January 2024^[update], at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.

The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa.^[32] This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a new Suez Crisis" by The Economist.^[33]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.^[34] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.^[30] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,^[35] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.^[36]

Forces

Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces,^[3] will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include the United States Navy's Carrier Strike Group 2.^[37] This strike group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and her escorting Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, USS Gravely, USS Laboon and USS Mason.^[38][39] Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyer HMS Diamond and frigate HMS Richmond, with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region.^[7][40][41] Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent.^[12][42][43]

Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship.^[44][45] The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles.^[46] Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis.^[47] The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels.^[48] Singapore will be deploying a team from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).^[49][50]

Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).^[51] On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent six New Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting."^[52]

On 24 February 2024 Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but did not clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols.^[53] It was later revealed to be SLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue.^[54][55]

Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting the European Union-led Operation Aspides.^[56]

Prosperity Guardian

•  United States
  • CENTCOM^[57]
  •  United States Navy
    • Fifth Fleet
      • Carrier Strike Group 2
        • USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (Aircraft carrier)
        • USS Philippine Sea (Cruiser)
        • USS Carney (Destroyer)
        • USS Gravely (Destroyer)
        • USS Laboon (Destroyer)
        • USS Mason (Destroyer)
        • USS Thomas Hudner (Destroyer)
        • USS Arleigh Burke (Destroyer)^[58]
        • USS Cole (Destroyer)^[59]
        • USS Bataan (Amphibious assault ships)^[58]
        • USS Florida (Submarine)
    • United States Naval Air Forces
      • Carrier Air Wing Three^[60]
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 32
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 83
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 105
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Strike Fighter Squadron 131
          • F/A-18 Super Hornets
        • Electronic Attack Squadron 130^[61]
          • EA-18G Growler^[61]
        • Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 123
          • E-2C Hawkeye
        • Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 7^[62]
          • MH-60S Seahawk
        • Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 74
          • MH-60R Seahawk
    • United States Naval Special Warfare Command
      • United States Navy SEALs^[63]
  •  United States Air Force
    • One KC-135 Stratotanker
    • MQ-9 Reapers
  • United States Marine Corps
    • II Marine Expeditionary Force
      • 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit^[58]
      • 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing
        • Marine Aircraft Group 14
          • McDonnell Douglas Harriers^[58]
  • United States Coast Guard^[64]
•  United Kingdom
  •  Royal Navy
    • HMS Diamond (Destroyer)
    • HMS Duncan (Destroyer)^[65]
    • HMS Richmond (Frigate)
    • HMS Lancaster (Frigate)
  •  Royal Air Force
    • RAF Akrotiri
      • No. 903 Expeditionary Air Wing^[66][67]
        • Four RAF Typhoon fighters
        • Two Voyager KC2s^[68]
•  Sri Lanka
  •  Sri Lanka Navy
    • SLNS Gajabahu^[69][70] (Armed patrol vessel)
•  Canada
  •  Royal Canadian Navy (personnel only)
•  Australia
  •  Royal Australian Navy (personnel only)
•  New Zealand
  •  Royal New Zealand Navy (personnel only)
•  Singapore
  •  Republic of Singapore Navy (personnel only)
•  Bahrain
  •  Royal Bahrain Naval Force (personnel only)
•  Seychelles
  •  Seychelles Coast Guard (intelligence support)

Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

•  Greece
  • Hellenic Navy
    • Hydra (Frigate)
    • Psara (Frigate)^[71]
•  Denmark
  •  Royal Danish Navy
    • HDMS Iver Huitfeldt (Frigate)
•  Netherlands
  •  Royal Netherlands Navy
    • HNLMS Tromp (Frigate)
    • HLMS Karel Doorman (Joint support ship)^[72][73]
    • Netherlands Naval Aviation Service
      • One NH90
      • One Eurocopter AS532 Cougar
•  Sweden
  •  Swedish Navy (personnel only)
•  Finland
  •  Finnish Navy (personnel only)

Attacks on shipping

Main article: Timeline of the Red Sea crisis

List of attacks after the announcement of Operation Prosperity Guardian

Date	Vessel attacked		Agent	Result	Ref
	Name	Flag
18 December 2023	MSC Clara	Panama	Houthi drones	Unknown	[74]
18 December 2023	Swan Atlantic	Norway	Houthi drones	Minor damage	[74]
26 December 2023	MSC United VIII	Liberia	Houthi naval missile	Unknown	[75]
30 December 2023	Maersk Hangzhou	Singapore	Houthi land-based missile	Minor damage	[76]
31 December 2023	Maersk Hangzhou	Singapore	Houthi crew	Unharmed	[77]
12 January 2024	Khalissa	Panama	Houthi projectile	Unknown	[78]
15 January 2024	Gibraltar Eagle	Marshall Islands	Houthi anti-ship missile	Minor damage	[79]
16 January 2024	Zografia	Malta	Ballistic missile	Minor damage	[80]
17 January 2024	Genco Picardy	Marshall Islands	Houthi drone	Minor damage	[81]
18 January 2024	Chem Ranger	Marshall Islands	Houthi anti-ship ballistic missile	Unharmed	[82]
22 January 2024	Ocean Jazz	United States	Houthis	Unknown	[83]
24 January 2024	Maersk Detroit	United States	Houthi missile	Unharmed	[84]
24 January 2024	Maersk Chesapeake	United States	Houthi missile	Unharmed	[84]
26 January 2024	Marlin Luanda	Marshall Islands	Houthi missile	Set afire	[85]
30 January 2024	Koi	Liberia	Houthi naval missiles	Unknown	[86]
6 February 2024	Morning Tide	Barbados	Houthis	Minor damage	[87]
6 February 2024	Star Nasia	Marshall Islands	Houthis	Minor damage	[87][88]
12 February 2024	Star Iris	Marshall Islands	Houthi missiles	Minor damage	[89]
16 February 2024	Pollux	Panama	Houthi missile	Minor damage	[90]
18 February 2024	Rubymar	Belize	Houthi anti-ship missile	Sunk	[91]
19 February 2024	Sea Champion	Greece	Houthi naval missiles	Minor damage	[92]
19 February 2024	Navis Fortuna	Marshall Islands	Houthi naval missile	Minor damage	[92]
22 February 2024	Islander	Palau	Houthi missile	Damaged	[93]
6 March 2024	True Confidence	Barbados	Houthi anti-ship missile	Set afire	[94]
8 March 2024	Propel Fortune	Singapore	Houthi anti-ship missiles	Unknown	[95]
24 March 2024	Huang Pu	Panama	Houthi anti-ship ballistic missile	Unknown	[96]
7 April 2024	Hope Island	Marshall Islands	Houthis	Unknown	[97][98][99]
7 April 2024	MSC Grace	Panama	Houthis	Unknown
7 April 2024	MSC Gina	Panama	Houthis	Unknown
9 April 2024	Maersk Yorktown	United States	Houthi anti-ship missile	Unharmed	[100]
9 April 2024	MSC Gina	Panama	Houthis	Unknown	[101]
9 April 2024	MSC Darwin VI	Liberia	Houthis	Unknown	[101]
24 April 2024	Maersk Yorktown	United States	Houthi missile	Unharmed	[100]
24 April 2024	MSC Veracruz	Portugal	Houthi anti-ship ballistic missile	Unknown	[102]
26 April 2024	Andromeda Star	Panama	Houthi missiles	Minor damage	[102]
26 April 2024	Maisha	Antigua and Barbuda	Houthi missile	Unharmed	[101]
29 April 2024	Cyclades	Malta	Houthi missiles and UAVs	Minor damage	[103]
29 April 2024	MSC Orion	Portugal	Houthi drones	Minor damage	[104]
18 May 2024	Wind	Panama	Houthi missiles	Minor damage	[105]
23 May 2024	Yannis	Malta	Houthi missiles	Unharmed	[106][107]
23 May 2024	Essex	Liberia	Houthi missiles	Unharmed	[107]
28 May 2024	Laax	Marshall Islands	Houthi missiles	Damaged	[108]
1 June 2024	Abliani	Malta	Houthi drones and rockets	Unharmed	[109][110]
1 June 2024	Maina	Malta	Houthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed drones	Unharmed	[110][111]
1 June 2024	Al Oraiq	Marshall Islands	Houthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed drones	Unharmed	[110][111]
8–9 June 2024	Norderney	Antigua and Barbuda	Houthi missiles	Set afire	[112]
8 June 2024	MSC Tavivshi	Liberia	Houthi ballistic missile	Set afire	[112][113]
9 June 2024	Unknown	Unknown	Houthi ballistic missile	Damaged	[114]
12 June 2024	Tutor	Liberia	Houthi Toufan-1 USV,[115] ballistic missiles, drones	Sunk	[116][117][118]
13 June 2024	Verbena	Palau	Houthi cruise missiles	Set afire	[119]
13 June 2024	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown Houthi weapons	Unharmed	[120]
16 June 2024	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unharmed	[121]
21 June 2024	Transworld Navigator	Liberia	Houthi ballistic missiles	Unharmed	[122][123]
23 June 2024	Transworld Navigator	Liberia	Houthi USV	Damaged	[124][125]
24 June 2024	MSC Sarah V	Liberia	Houthi Hatem 2 hypersonic missile	Unharmed	[126][127]
26 June 2024	Unknown	Unknown	Houthi missile	Unharmed	[128]
27 June 2024	Unknown	Unknown	Likely Houthi USV	Unharmed	[129]
28 June 2024	Delonix	Liberia	Houthi ballistic missiles	Unharmed	[130]
9 July 2024	Maersk Sentosa	United States	Houthi missiles	Unharmed	[131]
10 July 2024	Mount Fuji	Liberia	Likely Houthi weapons	Unharmed	[132]
11 July 2024	Unknown	Unknown	Likely Houthi missiles	Unharmed	[133][134]
15 July 2024	Bentley I	Panama	Houthi USV, patrol boats, ballistic missiles	Hit	[135][134]
15 July 2024	Chios Lion	Liberia	Houthi USV	Damaged	[135][134]
19 July 2024	Lobivia	Singapore	Houthi ballistic missiles, UAVs	Set afire	[136]
20 July 2024	Pumba	Liberia	Houthi UAVs, USV	Damaged	[137][138]
3 August 2024	Groton	Liberia	Houthi ballistic missiles	Hit	[139][140]
8–9 August 2024	Delta Blue	Liberia	Houthi RPG, USV, missiles	Unharmed	[141]
13 August 2024	Delta Atlantica	Liberia	Likely Houthi USV, other weapons	Hit	[142]
13 August 2024	On Phoenix	Panama	Likely Houthi weapons	Unharmed	[142]
21–22 August 2024	Sounion	Greece	Houthi boats, USV, other weapons	Set afire	[143][144][145]
21–22 August 2024	SW North Wind I	Panama	Houthi USV, other weapons	Damaged	[143][146][144]
30 August 2024	Groton	Liberia	Houthi missiles	Unharmed	[147]
2 September 2024	Blue Lagoon I	Panama	Houthi ballistic missiles	Damaged	[148][149]

Reactions

The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard".^[150] In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition.^[151][152] (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how.^[153]

While named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc, would remain under French command.^[12] Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian.^[12] Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination.^[12] Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta.^[154] At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area.^[155]

The Maersk Line announced on 24 December that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.^[156] On 2 January 2024, both Maersk and Happag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice.^[157][158]

On 3 January 2024, President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and the Sri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its five Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian.^[159]

On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched a missile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen. Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".^[160]

Houthi attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea escalated, in response to "American-British aggression against our country", as stated by a Houthi spokesman in January 2024. US Central Command then stated that the Houthi attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", to target vessels, affecting more than 40 nations.^[161]

In March 2024, ahead of the 9th anniversary of the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war, Mohammed al-Houthi warned Saudi Arabia that it will resume attacking the country should it allow the US-led coalition to use its territory or airspace "in their aggression on Yemen." al-Houthi also called the US-UK strikes inside Yemen as “arrogant” and “unjustified actions,” saying the Houthi rebels will not remain silent and will respond in kind.^[162][163]

See also

• Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
• Operation Aspides
• Operation Earnest Will
• Operation Ocean Shield
• Operation Praying Mantis
• International Maritime Security Construct
• List of wars involving the United Kingdom
• List of wars involving the United States
• United States conflict with Iran-backed militias (2023–present)

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External links

• Media related to Operation Prosperity Guardian at Wikimedia Commons