Old Italic scripts

The Old Italic scripts are a family of ancient writing systems used in the Italian Peninsula between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place. The most notable member is the Etruscan alphabet, which was the immediate ancestor of the Latin alphabet used by more than 100 languages today, including English. The runic alphabets used in Northern Europe are believed to have been separately derived from one of these alphabets by the 2nd century AD.^[2]

Old Italic
An inscription from the Marsiliana tablet, around 700 BC
Script type	Alphabet
Time period	7th century – 1st century BC
Direction	Right-to-left script, left-to-right
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Greek Old Italic
Child systems	Runic, Latin alphabet
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Ital (210), ​Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Old Italic
Unicode range	U+10300–U+1032F[1]
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Origins

The Old Italic alphabets ultimately derive from the Phoenician alphabet, but the general consensus is that the Etruscan alphabet was imported from the Euboean Greek colonies of Cumae and Ischia (Pithekoūsai) situated in the Gulf of Naples in the 8th century BC; this Euboean alphabet is also called 'Cumaean' (after Cumae), or 'Chalcidian' (after its metropolis Chalcis).^[3] The Cumaean hypothesis is supported by the 1957–58 excavations of Veii by the British School at Rome, which found pieces of Greek pottery indicating that contacts between the Etruscan city of Veii and the Greek colonies of Cumae and Ischia have existed ever since the second half of the 8th century.^[3] Other scholars posit a different hypothetical Western Greek alphabet that was even older than those attested to have given rise to the Etruscan letters.^[3] Whatever the case, the Etruscans added the c, the q and the combination of vh or hv (for /f/) in order to spell sounds that did not exist in Ancient Greek.^[4] The development and usage of their own Greek-derived alphabet arguably marked the end of the Villanovan culture and ushered in the Etruscan Orientalising period.^[4]: 19

As the Etruscans were the leading civilization of Italy in that period, it is widely accepted that they spread their alphabet across the peninsula, and the other Old Italic scripts were derived from theirs.^[4] Scholars provide three reasons: Etruscans and non-Etruscans had strong contacts in the 8th and 7th centuries, surviving inscriptions from other languages appear later (after the end of the 8th century) than the earliest Etruscan ones (first amongst the Umbrians, Faliscans, Latins, and Sabines to the south, in the 6th century also in the Po Valley and amongst the Cisalpine Celtic, Venetic and Raetic tribes), and the letters used in these texts are evidently based on the Etruscan version of the Western Greek alphabet.^[4] However, some of them, including the Latin alphabet, retained certain Greek letters that the Etruscans themselves dropped at a rather early stage.^{[citation needed]}

The Old Italic alphabets were used for various different languages, which included some Indo-European ones (predominantly from the Italic branch, but also in Gaulish and probably in inscriptions interpreted as Proto-Germanic) and some non-Indo-European ones (such as Etruscan itself).^[5]

Alphabets related to Etruscan

The following table shows the ancient Italic scripts that are presumed^{[by whom?]} to be related to the Etruscan alphabet. Symbols that are assumed to be correspondent are placed on the same column. Many symbols occur with two or more variant forms in the same script; only one variant is shown here. The notations [←] and [→] indicate that the shapes shown were used when writing right-to-left and left-to-right, respectively.

Warning: For the languages marked [?] the appearance of the "Letters" in the table is whatever one's browser's Unicode font shows for the corresponding code points in the Old Italic Unicode block. The same code point represents different symbol shapes in different languages; therefore, to display those glyph images properly one needs to use a Unicode font specific to that language.

Phoenician
Letter [←]
Value	ʾ	b	g	d	h	w	z	ḥ	ṭ	y	k	l	m	n	s	ʿ	p	ṣ	q	r	š	t
Western Greek[6][7]
Letter [→]
Value	a	b	g	d	e	w	zd	h	tʰ	i	k	l	m	n		o	p	s	k	r	s	t	u	ks	pʰ	kʰ
Transcription	Α	Β	Γ	Δ	Ε	Ϝ	Ζ	Η	Θ	Ι	Κ	Λ	Μ	Ν	Ξ	Ο	Π	Ϻ	Ϙ	Ρ	Σ	Τ	Υ	X	Φ	Ψ
Etruscan – from 7th century BC[8][9]
Marsiliana [←]
Archaic (to 5th c.) [←]
Neo (4th to 1st c.)[←]
Value	a		k		e	w	ts	h	th	i	k	l	m	n			p	ʃ	k	r	s	t	u	s	ph	kh	f
Transcription	a		c		e	v	z	h	θ	i	k	l	m	n			p	ś	q	r	s	t	u	ṡ	φ	χ	f
Oscan – from 5th century BC[10]
Letter [←]
Value	a	b	g	d	ɛ[lower-alpha 1]	w	ts	h		i	k	l	m	n			p			r	s	t	u				f	o	e[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]
Transcription	a	b	g	d	e	v	z	h		i	k	l	m	n			p			r	s	t	u				f	ú	í
Lepontic – 7th to 5th century BC
Letter [?][→]	𐌀				𐌄	𐌅	𐌆		𐌈	𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍		𐌏	𐌐	𐌑		𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖	𐌗
Value
Transcription	A				E	V	Z		Θ	I	K	L	M	N		O	P	Ś		R	S	T	U	X
South Picene – from 6th century BC
Letter [?][→]	𐌀	𐌁	𐌂	𐌃	𐌄	𐌅		𐌇		𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍		𐌏	𐌐		𐌒	𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖				𐌚	𐌞	𐌝	𐌟
Value
Transcription	A	B	G	D	E	V		H		I	K	L	M	N		O	P		Q	R	S	T	U				F	Ú	Í	*

1. Zair (2016) uses /ɛ/ for <e> and /e/ for <í> as phonemic symbols.
2. Buck (1904), p. 22: «The í is used to indicate an open i-sound, representing etymologically a short i, an ē, a short e in hiatus and occurring regularly in i-diphthongs and in the combination ií representing ī».

The alphabets of Este (Venetic), Magrè and Bolzano/Bozen-Sanzeno (Raetic), Sondrio (Camunic), Lugano (Lepontic)

Missing from the above table:

• Venetic
• Faliscan
• Umbrian
• North Picene
• Rhaetic (Raetic)
• Camunic

Etruscan alphabet

Main article: Etruscan alphabet

Various Indo-European languages belonging to the Italic branch (Faliscan and members of the Sabellian group, including Oscan, Umbrian, and South Picene, and other Indo-European branches such as Venetic) originally used the alphabet. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.^[11][12]

Nucerian alphabet

The Nucerian alphabet is based on inscriptions found in southern Italy (Nocera Superiore, Sorrento, Vico Equense and other places). It is attested only between the 6th and the 5th century BC. The most important sign is the /S/, shaped like a fir tree, and possibly a derivation from the Phoenician alphabet.^{[citation needed]}

Rhaetic alphabets

The Raetic alphabets

Attested in almost 400 inscriptions from mainly the Trentino and South Tyrol regions of Northern Italy, and North Tyrol (Austria) in two distinct alphabets: the alphabet of Sanzeno, and the alphabet of Magrè (near Schio). It was used to write the Rhaetic language.^[13][14][15]

Venetic alphabet

Alphabet of Este: Similar but not identical to that of Magrè, Venetic inscriptions.^{[citation needed]}

Camunic alphabet

Further information: Camunic language

Inscribed abecedaria and other short inscriptions found on rock drawings in Valcamonica.^[16]

Latin alphabet

Main article: History of the Latin alphabet

Duenos inscription, 6th century BC

21 of the 26 archaic Etruscan letters were adopted for Old Latin from the 7th century BC, either directly from the Cumae alphabet, or via archaic Etruscan forms, compared to the classical Etruscan alphabet retaining B, D, K, O, Q, X but dropping Θ, Ξ, Ϻ, Φ, and Ψ.^[17]

𐌀

𐌁

𐌂

𐌃

𐌄

𐌅

𐌆

𐌇

𐌉

𐌊

𐌋

𐌌

𐌍

𐌏

𐌐

𐌒

𐌓

𐌔

𐌕

𐌖

𐌗

A

B

C

D

E

F

Z

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V

X

South Picene alphabet

Further information: South Picene language

The South Picene alphabet, known from the 6th century BC, is most like the southern Etruscan alphabet in that it uses Q for /k/ and K for /g/. ⟨.⟩ is a reduced ⟨o⟩ and ⟨:⟩ is a reduced ⟨8⟩, used for /f/.^[18]

Unicode

Main article: Old Italic (Unicode block)

The Old Italic alphabets were unified and added to the Unicode Standard in March 2001 with the release of version 3.1. The Unicode block for Old Italic is U+10300–U+1032F without specification of a particular alphabet (i.e. the Old Italic alphabets are considered equivalent, and the font used will determine the variant).^[19]

Writing direction (right-to-left, left-to-right, or boustrophedon) varies based on the language and even the time period. For simplicity most scholars use left-to-right and this is the Unicode default direction for the Old Italic block. For this reason, the glyphs in the code chart are shown with left-to-right orientation.^[20]

Old Italic[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+1030x

𐌀

𐌁

𐌂

𐌃

𐌄

𐌅

𐌆

𐌇

𐌈

𐌉

𐌊

𐌋

𐌌

𐌍

𐌎

𐌏

U+1031x

𐌐

𐌑

𐌒

𐌓

𐌔

𐌕

𐌖

𐌗

𐌘

𐌙

𐌚

𐌛

𐌜

𐌝

𐌞

𐌟

U+1032x

𐌠

𐌡

𐌢

𐌣

𐌭

𐌮

𐌯

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

• Euboean alphabet
• Alphabets of Asia Minor
• Linear A
• Linear B
• Old European script
• Trojan script

References

1. Old Italic (PDF) (chart), Unicode.
2. "runic alphabet | writing system". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 September 2022.
3. Banti, Luisa (1973). Etruscan Cities and Their Culture. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-520-01910-2. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
4. Wallace, Rex E. (2015). "Chapter 14: Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation". A Companion to the Etruscans. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-118-35495-7. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
5. Everson, Michael (6 August 2015). Unicode Technical Note No. 40: Old Italic glyph variation (PDF). Retrieved 21 October 2023.
6. Kirchhoff, Adolf (1877). Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets. Berlin: Dümmler. p. 102. OL 24337090M.
7. Kirchhoff 1877, p. 168.
8. Bonfante, Giuliano (1983). The Etruscan language. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-7190-0902-2. OCLC 610734784. OL 19629507M.
9. Stützer, Herbert Alexander (1992). Die Etrusker und ihre Welt. Köln: DuMont. p. 12. ISBN 3-7701-3128-2. LCCN 94191271. OCLC 611534598. OL 1198388M.
10. Buck, Carl Darling (1904). A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Boston: Ginn. p. 22. OL 7118142M.
11. "What Is the Indo-European Family of Languages?". ThoughtCo.
12. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European language and culture : an introduction (PDF). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7.
13. Schumacher, Stefan; Salomon, Corinna (2019). "Die rätischen Inschriften vom Schneidjoch (Brandenberger Alpen, Tirol)" (PDF). Die Höhle (in German). No. 70. pp. 159–174.
14. Schumacher, Stefan; Salomon, Corinna; Kluge, Sindy; Bajc, Gudrun; Braun, Martin, eds. (2020). "Raetica". Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
15. Salomon, Corinna (2020). "Raetic". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (20): 263–298. doi:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.380. ISSN 1578-5386.
16. Schumacher, Stefan (2000). "Camunic: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe". Blackwell Reference Online. doi:10.1002/9781405166294. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
17. Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing systems: a linguistic introduction. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8047-1254-5. LCCN 84040708.
18. Stuart-Smith, Jane (2004). Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925773-6.
19. The Unicode Consortium (16 May 2001), "7.10 Old Italic (new section)", Unicode Standard Annex #27, The Unicode Standard, Version 3.1.
20. Jenkins, John; Everson, Michael (16 August 1997), "E.Processing", Proposal for encoding the Etruscan script in ISO/IEC 10646

Further reading

• Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002). The Etruscan Language: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5539-3.
• Mullen, Alex (2013). Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean: Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02059-7.

External links

• "Etruscan Texts Project". U. Mass. Archived from the original on 30 March 2005. A searchable online database of Etruscan inscriptions
• "Old Italic" (PDF). Unicode.org.
• "The Etruscan alphabet". Omniglot.com.
• "Old Italic alphabets". Omniglot.com.
• "Etruscan". AncientScripts.com.
• "Oscan". AncientScripts.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2006.
• "Unicode Fonts". www.wazu.jp.