Number needed to treat
Epidemiological measure / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Number needed to treat?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
The number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) is an epidemiological measure used in communicating the effectiveness of a health-care intervention, typically a treatment with medication. The NNT is the average number of patients who need to be treated to prevent one additional bad outcome (e.g. the number of patients that need to be treated for one of them to benefit compared with a control in a clinical trial). It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk reduction, and computed as , where is the incidence in the control (unexposed) group, and is the incidence in the treated (exposed) group.[1][2] This calculation implicitly assumes monotonicity, that is, no individual can be harmed by treatment. The modern approach, based on counterfactual conditionals, relaxes this assumption and yields bounds on NNT.
A type of effect size, the NNT was described in 1988 by McMaster University's Laupacis, Sackett and Roberts.[3] While theoretically, the ideal NNT is 1, where everyone improves with treatment and no one improves with control, in practice, NNT is always rounded up to the nearest round number[4] and so even a NNT of 1.1 becomes a NNT of 2[5] . A higher NNT indicates that treatment is less effective.[6]
NNT is similar to number needed to harm (NNH), where NNT usually refers to a therapeutic intervention and NNH to a detrimental effect or risk factor. A combined measure, the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial or harmful outcome (NNTB/H), is also used.