November 2019 Spanish general election

The November 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the 14th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.

November 2019 Spanish general election

← 2019 (Apr) 10 November 2019 2023 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 265) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered	37,001,379 0.3%
Turnout	24,507,715 (66.2%) 5.5 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Pedro Sánchez Pablo Casado Santiago Abascal Party PSOE PP Vox Leader since 18 June 2017 21 July 2018 20 September 2014 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid Last election 123 seats, 28.7% 66 seats, 16.7% 24 seats, 10.3% Seats won 120 89 52 Seat change 3 23 28 Popular vote 6,792,199 5,047,040 3,656,979 Percentage 28.0% 20.8% 15.1% Swing 0.7 pp 4.1 pp 4.8 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Pablo Iglesias Gabriel Rufián Albert Rivera Party Unidas Podemos[a] ERC–Sobiranistes Cs Leader since 15 November 2014 14 October 2019 9 July 2006 Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Madrid Last election 42 seats, 14.3% 15 seats, 3.9% 57 seats, 15.9% Seats won 35 13 10 Seat change 7 2 47 Popular vote 3,119,364 880,734 1,650,318 Percentage 12.9% 3.6% 6.8% Swing 1.4 pp 0.3 pp 9.1 pp
Election results by Congress of Deputies constituency Winner strength by constituency Winner strength by autonomous community
Prime Minister before election Pedro Sánchez (acting) PSOE Prime Minister after election Pedro Sánchez PSOE

The election was held as provided under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution,^[1] as a result of the failure in government formation negotiations between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos following Pedro Sánchez's failed investiture voting on 23–25 July 2019. On 17 September 2019, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline as a result of the lack of agreement between parties, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November.^[2][3][4][5] The failure in negotiations prompted Podemos founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid platform—which had obtained a remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election—into a national alliance under the newly created brand of Más País,^[6][7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left (IU) allies, such as Coalició Compromís, Equo or Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials into Errejón's new party.^[8][9]

Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the 2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the People's Party (PP) and large gains for the far-right Vox party at the expense of Citizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end of Albert Rivera's active political career.^[10] Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform the combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiated a government shortly after the election, to become the first governing coalition in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic.^[11][12][13]

The tenure of the newly formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.^[14][15] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.^[16][17] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).^[18][19]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.^[20][21] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.^[22]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:^[23]

Seats	Constituencies
37	Madrid
32	Barcelona
15	Valencia
12	Alicante, Seville
11	Málaga
10	Murcia
9	Cádiz
8	A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7	Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6	Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5	Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4	Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3	Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2	Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.^[24][25]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.^[26] The previous election was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 28 May 2023.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.^[27] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 10 November and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 3 December.^[23]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.^[28][29]

Parliamentary composition in September 2019[30] Congress of Deputies Groups Parties Deputies Seats Total Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 111 123 PSC 12 People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 66 66 Citizens Parliamentary Group Cs 57 57 United We Can–In Common We Can–Galicia in Common's Confederal Parliamentary Group Podemos 32 42 IU 5 CatComú 4 Equo 1 Vox Parliamentary Group Vox 24 24 Republican Parliamentary Group ERC 13 14 Sobiranistes 1 Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 6 6 Mixed Parliamentary Group JxCat 7 18 EH Bildu 4 CCa 2 UPN 2 ERC 1[b] Compromís 1 PRC 1

Parliamentary composition in September 2019[31] Senate[c] Groups Parties Senators Seats Total Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 136 139 PSC 3 People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 69 69 Republican Left–EH Bildu Parliamentary Group ERC 12 14 EH Bildu 2 Citizens Parliamentary Group Cs 13 13 Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 9 9 Confederal Left Parliamentary Group (Forward Andalusia, More for Majorca, Commitment, More Madrid and Catalonia in Common–We Can) AA 1 6 Més 1 Más Madrid 1 Compromís 1 CatComú 1 GCE 1 Nationalist Parliamentary Group in the Senate Together for Catalonia–Canarian Coalition/ Canarian Nationalist Party JxCat 4 6 EAJ/PNV 1 CCa 1 Mixed Parliamentary Group Vox 1 9 ERC 1[d] UPN 1 PRC 1 PAR 1 ASG 1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.^[32] The electoral law provided for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.^[33]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy		Parties and alliances	Leading candidate		Ideology	Previous result			Gov.	Ref.
						Votes (%)	Con.	Sen.
	PSOE	List Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)		Pedro Sánchez	Social democracy	28.67%	123	123	Y
	PP	List People's Party (PP) Forum of Citizens (FAC)		Pablo Casado	Conservatism Christian democracy	16.69%	66	54	N	[34]
	Cs	List Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)		Albert Rivera	Liberalism	15.86%	57	4	N	[35]
	Unidas Podemos	List We Can (Podemos) United Left (IU) – Communist Party of Spain (PCE) – The Dawn. Marxist Organization OM (La Aurora (om)) – Ecosocialists of the Region of Murcia (ESRM) – Initiative for El Hierro (IpH) – Republican Left (IR) – Feminist Party of Spain (PFE) Assembly (Batzarre) Upper Aragon in Common (AltoAragón en Común) In Common We Can−Let's Win Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) – Catalonia in Common (CatComú) – We Can (Podem) In Common–United We Can (En Común) – We Can (Podemos) – United Left (EU)		Pablo Iglesias	Left-wing populism Direct democracy Democratic socialism	14.32%	42	0	N	[36]
	Vox	List Vox (Vox)		Santiago Abascal	Right-wing populism Ultranationalism National conservatism	10.26%	24	0	N
	ERC– Sobiranistes	List Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) Sovereigntists (Sobiranistes) Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)		Gabriel Rufián	Catalan independence Left-wing nationalism Social democracy	3.91%	15	11	N	[37]
	JxCat–Junts	List Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) Together for Catalonia (JxCat) – National Call for the Republic (CNxR)		Laura Borràs	Catalan independence Liberalism	1.91%	7	2	N	[37]
	EAJ/PNV	List Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		Aitor Esteban	Basque nationalism Christian democracy Social democracy	1.51%	6	9	N
	EH Bildu	List Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) – Create (Sortu) – Basque Solidarity (EA) – Alternative (Alternatiba)		Mertxe Aizpurua	Basque independence Abertzale left Socialism	0.99%	4	1	N
	CCa– PNC–NC	List Canarian Coalition (CCa) New Canaries (NCa) Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)		Ana Oramas	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Centrism	0.66%[e]	2	0	N	[38]
	NA+	List Navarrese People's Union (UPN) People's Party (PP) Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)		Sergio Sayas	Regionalism Christian democracy Conservatism Liberalism	0.41%	2	3	N	[39]
	PRC	List Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)		José María Mazón	Regionalism Centrism	0.20%	1	0	N
	BNG	List Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) – Galician People's Union (UPG) – Galician Movement for Socialism (MGS) – Abrente–Galician Democratic Left (Abrente–EDG) – Galician Workers' Front (FOGA)		Néstor Rego	Galician nationalism Left-wing nationalism Socialism	0.36%	0	0	N
	ASG	List Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)		Fabián Chinea	Insularism Social democracy	Senate		1	N	[40]
	Más País	List More Country (Más País) Equo (Equo) Aragonese Union (CHA) More Commitment (Més Compromís) – Commitment Coalition (Compromís) – More Country (Más País)		Íñigo Errejón	Green politics Direct democracy Alter-globalization	New[f]			N	[9] [41] [42] [43]
	CUP–PR	List Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) – Forward–Socialist Organization of National Liberation (Endavant–OSAN) – Free People (PL–PPCC) – Internationalist Struggle (LI–CI) Let's Reverse (Capgirem) Pirates of Catalonia (Pirata.cat)		Mireia Vehí	Catalan independence Anti-capitalism Socialism	New			N	[44] [45] [46]
	¡TE!	List Teruel Exists (¡TE!)		Tomás Guitarte	Regionalism	New			N

Timetable

The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election. This consisted of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again.^[33] The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):^[47]

• 24 September: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies, ratified by the King.^[23] Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
• 25 September: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
• 30 September: Deadline for parties and federations intending to maintain or enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
• 7 October: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to maintain or present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
• 9 October: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
• 13 October: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
• 14 October: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
• 15 October: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
• 19 October: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
• 31 October: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
• 1 November: Official start of electoral campaigning.^[23]
• 5 November: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
• 6 November: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes (extended to 8 November by the Central Electoral Commission).
• 8 November: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division.^[23]
• 9 November: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
• 10 November: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.
• 13 November: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
• 16 November: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
• 25 November: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
• 5 December: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the November 2019 election was set for 3 December).^[23]
• 4 January: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Ref.
	PSOE	« Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España » « Ahora sí »	"Government now. Spain now" "Yes now"	[48] [49]
	PP	« Por todo lo que nos une »	"For everything that unites us"	[50]
	Cs	« España en marcha »	"Spain underway"	[51]
	Unidas Podemos ECP En Común	Main: « Un Gobierno contigo » ECP: « Si vols solucions, vota solucions » En Común: « Conta con nós »	Main: "A Government with you" ECP: "If you want solutions, vote solutions" En Común: "Count with us"	[52] [53] [54]
	Vox	« España siempre »	"Always Spain"	[55]
	ERC–Sobiranistes	« Tornarem més forts »	"We shall return stronger"	[56]
	JxCat–Junts	« Per la independència, ni un vot enrere »	"For independence, not a vote back"	[57]
	EAJ/PNV	« Hemen, EAJ-PNV »	"Here, EAJ/PNV"	[58]
	EH Bildu	« Erabaki Baietz! »	"Decide Yes!"	[59]
	CCa–PNC–NC	« Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias »	"Let's make the Canaries stronger"	[60]
	NA+	« Navarra, clave en España »	"Navarra, key in Spain"	[61]
	BNG	« Facer valer Galiza con voz propia »	"Enforce Galicia with our own voice"	[62]
	Más País Més Compromís	Main: « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País » Més Compromís: « Acordar, la política útil »	Main: "Unblock, make progress, More Country" Més Compromís: "Agreeing, the useful policy"	[63] [64]
	CUP–PR	« Ingovernables »	"Ungovernable"	[65]

Pre-campaign period

The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País, founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election.^[66] Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís, Chunta Aragonesista and Equo, the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform.^[9][67][68] The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País.^[8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed.^[69]

On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos, a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature.^[70] The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation;^[71] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling.^[72][73]

On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail.^[74] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days.^[75][76][77]

Election debates

November 2019 Spanish general election debates

Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P  Present[g]    S  Surrogate[h]    NI  Not invited
			PSOE	PP	Cs	UP	Vox	ERC	JxCat	PNV	Audience	Ref.
1 November	RTVE[i]	Xabier Fortes	P Lastra	P A. de Toledo	P Arrimadas	P I. Montero	P Espinosa	P Rufián	NI	P Esteban	17.7% (2,468,000)	[78] [79]
2 November	laSexta (La Sexta Noche)	Iñaki López	S Sicilia	S Gamarra	S Rodríguez	S Vera	S O. Smith	P Rufián	S Borràs	P Esteban	8.5% (865,000)	[80] [81]
4 November	TV Academy	Ana Blanco Vicente Vallés	P Sánchez	P Casado	P Rivera	P Iglesias	P Abascal	NI	NI	NI	52.7% (8,621,000)	[82] [83]
7 November	laSexta[j]	Ana Pastor	P M. Montero	P Pastor	P Arrimadas	P I. Montero	P Monasterio	NI	NI	NI	19.2% (3,133,000)	[84] [85]

Opinion polls

Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate

Debate	Polling firm/Commissioner	PSOE	PP	Cs	UP	Vox	ERC	PNV	Tie	None	?
1 November	SocioMétrica/El Español[86]	14.3	17.6	19.4	16.6	18.5	6.0	3.7	–	–	3.9
4 November	ElectoPanel/Electomanía[87]	9.7	7.5	14.8	34.3	33.8	–	–	–	–	–
	Sigma Dos/Antena 3[88]	20.0	21.5	10.8	29.5	18.2	–	–	–	–	–
	Invymark/laSexta[89]	32.3	17.4	12.8	15.5	13.8	–	–	–	–	8.2
	SocioMétrica/El Español[90]	20.0	26.3	13.3	15.0	21.8	–	–	–	–	3.6
	Ipsos/Henneo[91]	24.0	9.0	6.0	32.0	29.0	–	–	–	–	–
	NC Report/La Razón[92]	22.8	25.1	10.1	24.3	17.7	–	–	–	–	–
	CIS[93]	15.3	9.4	4.2	23.3	14.7	–	–	3.4	23.7	6.1

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the November 2019 Spanish general election

Local regression trend line of poll results from 28 April 2019 to 10 November 2019, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

Region	Time
	14:00			18:00			20:00
	28A	10N	+/–	28A	10N	+/–	28A	10N	+/–
Andalusia	38.94%	35.80%	–3.14	57.25%	54.85%	–2.40	73.31%	68.25%	–5.06
Aragon	44.65%	41.18%	–3.47	62.32%	57.91%	–4.41	77.62%	71.50%	–6.12
Asturias	40.15%	34.42%	–5.73	58.67%	53.50%	–5.17	73.35%	65.48%	–7.87
Balearic Islands	38.10%	30.95%	–7.15	54.42%	47.40%	–7.02	67.58%	58.71%	–8.87
Basque Country	41.75%	40.18%	–1.57	60.05%	57.60%	–2.45	74.52%	68.91%	–5.61
Canary Islands	30.72%	27.08%	–3.64	51.00%	44.36%	–6.64	68.14%	60.46%	–7.68
Cantabria	43.12%	39.12%	–4.00	63.65%	59.28%	–4.37	78.09%	70.83%	–7.26
Castile and León	41.80%	37.29%	–4.51	62.00%	56.70%	–5.30	78.24%	71.37%	–6.87
Castilla–La Mancha	42.71%	38.07%	–4.64	62.35%	57.44%	–4.91	78.02%	71.36%	–6.66
Catalonia	43.52%	40.58%	–2.94	64.20%	59.88%	–4.32	77.58%	72.17%	–5.41
Extremadura	42.87%	37.17%	–5.70	60.22%	54.41%	–5.81	76.31%	69.12%	–7.19
Galicia	36.97%	31.96%	–5.01	58.93%	53.26%	–5.67	73.97%	66.62%	–7.35
La Rioja	44.76%	40.42%	–4.34	61.62%	57.45%	–4.17	78.11%	71.27%	–6.84
Madrid	43.61%	40.98%	–2.63	65.11%	61.50%	–3.61	79.75%	74.54%	–5.21
Murcia	43.41%	39.01%	–4.40	61.85%	57.89%	–3.96	75.69%	69.99%	–5.70
Navarre	43.79%	39.38%	–4.41	60.97%	56.46%	–4.51	76.29%	69.21%	–7.08
Valencian Community	45.87%	42.51%	–3.36	61.67%	59.97%	–1.70	76.34%	71.74%	–4.60
Ceuta	30.47%	27.27%	–3.20	48.84%	43.77%	–5.07	63.97%	56.16%	–7.81
Melilla	28.14%	24.61%	–3.53	45.45%	38.98%	–6.47	63.05%	57.12%	–5.93
Total	41.49%	37.92%	–3.57	60.76%	56.85%	–3.91	75.75%	69.87%	–5.88
Sources[94]

Results

Congress of Deputies

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the November 2019 Spanish general election (Congress).

← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	6,792,199	28.00	–0.67	120	–3
	People's Party (PP)	5,047,040	20.81	+4.12	89	+23
	Vox (Vox)	3,656,979	15.08	+4.82	52	+28
	United We Can (Unidas Podemos)	3,119,364	12.86	–1.46	35	–7
	United We Can (Podemos–IU)	2,381,960	9.82	–1.24	26	–7
	In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi)	549,173	2.26	–0.09	7	±0
	In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU)	188,231	0.78	–0.13	2	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	1,650,318	6.80	–9.06	10	–47
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	880,734	3.63	–0.28	13	–2
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	874,859	3.61	–0.28	13	–2
	Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)	5,875	0.02	±0.00	0	±0
	More Country (Más País)	582,306	2.40	New	3	+2
	More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo)	330,345	1.36	New	2	+2
	More Commitment (Més Compromís)1	176,287	0.73	+0.07	1	±0
	More Country (Más País)	52,478	0.22	New	0	±0
	More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo)	23,196	0.10	New	0	±0
	Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)	530,225	2.19	+0.28	8	+1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	379,002	1.56	+0.05	6	±0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	277,621	1.14	+0.15	5	+1
	Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR)	246,971	1.02	New	2	+2
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	228,856	0.94	–0.31	0	±0
	Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)2	124,289	0.51	–0.15	2	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	120,456	0.50	+0.14	1	+1
	Sum Navarre (NA+)	99,078	0.41	±0.00	2	±0
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	68,830	0.28	+0.08	1	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	35,042	0.14	–0.04	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	27,272	0.11	+0.03	0	±0
	Teruel Exists (¡TE!)	19,761	0.08	New	1	+1
	More Left (Més–MxMe–esquerra)3	18,295	0.08	–0.02	0	±0
	Andalusia by Herself (AxSí)	14,046	0.06	+0.02	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	13,828	0.06	–0.01	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)	13,029	0.05	±0.00	0	±0
	Yes to the Future (GBai)	12,709	0.05	–0.04	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	10,243	0.04	New	0	±0
	Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE)	9,725	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	8,955	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB)	5,970	0.02	–0.01	0	±0
	For Ávila (XAV)	5,416	0.02	New	0	±0
	Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)	5,416	0.02	–0.01	0	±0
	The Greens (Verdes)	3,287	0.01	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	3,150	0.01	–0.01	0	±0
	Feminist Initiative (IFem)	3,005	0.01	New	0	±0
	We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES)	2,339	0.01	–0.01	0	±0
	We Are Region (Somos Región)	2,328	0.01	–0.01	0	±0
	Left in Positive (IZQP)	2,325	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Canaries Now (ANC–UP)	2,032	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo)	2,015	0.01	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	2,000	0.01	New	0	±0
	Sorian People's Platform (PPSO)	1,466	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	1,347	0.01	New	0	±0
	European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE)	1,259	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Libertarian Party (P–LIB)	1,171	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Social Aragonese Movement (MAS)	1,068	0.00	New	0	±0
	United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf)	1,067	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	941	0.00	–0.01	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (Andecha)	887	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC)	819	0.00	New	0	±0
	Puyalón (PYLN)	630	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	616	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV)	585	0.00	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista)	530	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Andalusian Convergence (CAnda)	520	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)	461	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria)	270	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA)	249	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Centered (centrados)	234	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Plural Democracy (DPL)	214	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR)	113	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	XXI Convergence (C21)	72	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Union of Everyone (UdT)	26	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
Blank ballots		217,227	0.90	+0.14
Total		24,258,228			350	±0
Valid votes		24,258,228	98.98	+0.03
Invalid votes		249,487	1.02	–0.03
Votes cast / turnout		24,507,715	66.23	–5.53
Abstentions		12,493,664	33.77	+5.53
Registered voters		37,001,379
Sources[95][96]
Footnotes: 1 More Commitment results are compared to Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo totals in the April 2019 election. 2 Canarian Coalition–New Canaries results are compared to the combined totals of Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party and New Canaries in the April 2019 election. 3 More Left results are compared to Progressive Voices totals in the April 2019 election.

Popular vote PSOE   28.00% PP   20.81% Vox   15.08% Unidas Podemos   12.86% Cs   6.80% ERC–Sob.   3.63% Más País   2.40% JxCat–Junts   2.19% EAJ/PNV   1.56% EH Bildu   1.14% CUP–PR   1.02% CCa–PNC–NC   0.51% BNG   0.50% NA+   0.41% PRC   0.28% ¡TE!   0.08% Others   2.73% Blank ballots   0.90%

Seats PSOE   34.29% PP   25.43% Vox   14.86% Unidas Podemos   10.00% ERC–Sob.   3.71% Cs   2.86% JxCat–Junts   2.29% EAJ/PNV   1.71% EH Bildu   1.43% Más País   0.86% CUP–PR   0.57% CCa–PNC–NC   0.57% NA+   0.57% BNG   0.29% PRC   0.29% ¡TE!   0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and alliances		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	19,481,846	30.62	+1.29	93	–30
	People's Party (PP)	17,074,301	26.84	+7.68	83	+29
	United We Can (Unidas Podemos)	7,884,444	12.39	–0.38	0	±0
	United We Can (Podemos–IU)	5,993,304	9.42	–0.25	0	±0
	In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi)	1,440,373	2.26	+0.15	0	±0
	In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU)	450,767	0.71	–0.03	0	±0
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)	4,951,350	7.78	–7.07	0	–4
	Vox (Vox)	3,229,631	5.08	–3.27	2	+2
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	3,054,285	4.80	+0.41	11	±0
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes)	3,040,779	4.78	+0.40	11	±0
	Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)	11,894	0.02	+0.01	0	±0
	Republican Left (esquerra)1	1,612	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)	1,689,482	2.66	+0.53	3	+1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	1,152,440	1.81	+0.16	9	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)	977,844	1.54	–0.30	0	±0
	More Country (Más País)	960,287	1.51	New	0	±0
	More Commitment (Més Compromís)2	474,607	0.75	–0.05	0	±0
	More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo)	384,728	0.60	New	0	±0
	More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo)	51,532	0.08	New	0	±0
	More Country (Más País)	49,420	0.08	New	0	±0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	842,993	1.33	+0.43	1	±0
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	411,948	0.65	+0.18	0	±0
	Sum Navarre (NA+)	309,357	0.49	+0.04	3	±0
	Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)3	220,299	0.35	–0.09	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	176,740	0.28	+0.06	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	128,201	0.20	–0.04	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	70,514	0.11	+0.02	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	69,326	0.11	+0.04	0	±0
	Teruel Exists (¡TE!)	57,340	0.09	New	2	+2
	Yes to the Future (GBai)4	52,076	0.08	n/a	0	±0
	Andalusia by Herself (AxSí)	50,663	0.08	+0.02	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	41,773	0.07	New	0	±0
	More Left (Més–esquerra)	37,727	0.06	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	28,052	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB)	26,258	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)	22,767	0.04	+0.01	0	±0
	For Ávila (XAV)	21,340	0.03	New	0	±0
	Coalition for Melilla (CpM)	17,427	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Feminist Initiative (IFem)	14,139	0.02	New	0	±0
	Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)	13,099	0.02	–0.01	0	±0
	We Are Region (Somos Región)	12,888	0.02	–0.01	0	±0
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	7,622	0.01	New	0	±0
	We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES)	7,058	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	7,021	0.01	New	0	±0
	Sorian People's Platform (PPSO)	7,015	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	6,350	0.01	–0.01	0	±0
	Canaries Now (ANC–UP)	6,196	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Left in Positive (IZQP)	4,786	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (Andecha)	4,518	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo)	4,276	0.01	New	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	4,179	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)	3,628	0.01	±0.00	1	±0
	More for Menorca (MxMe)	3,310	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Libertarian Party (P–LIB)	2,331	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)	2,327	0.00	–0.01	0	±0
	Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista)	2,307	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	The Greens (Verdes)	1,862	0.00	New	0	±0
	European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE)	1,557	0.00	New	0	±0
	Social Aragonese Movement (MAS)	1,514	0.00	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Land (TA)	1,509	0.00	New	0	±0
	Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC)	1,439	0.00	New	0	±0
	Puyalón (PYLN)	1,373	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV)	1,115	0.00	New	0	±0
	European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria)	974	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA)	855	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Centered (centrados)	734	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Plural Democracy (DPL)	428	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf)	401	0.00	New	0	±0
	XXI Convergence (C21)	257	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Union of Everyone (UdT)	79	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots[k]		451,449	1.89	+0.18
Total		63,619,307			208	±0
Valid votes		23,825,576	97.70	–0.28
Invalid votes		561,601	2.30	+0.28
Votes cast / turnout		24,387,177	65.91	–5.41
Abstentions		12,614,202	34.09	+5.41
Registered voters		37,001,379
Sources[29][95][96]
Footnotes: 1 Republican Left results are compared to Now Ibiza and Formentera totals in the April 2019 election. 2 More Commitment results are compared to Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo totals in the April 2019 election. 3 Canarian Coalition–New Canaries results are compared to the combined totals of Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party and New Canaries in the April 2019 election. 4 Within the Change alliance in the April 2019 election.

Popular vote PSOE   30.62% PP   26.84% Unidas Podemos   12.39% Cs   7.78% Vox   5.08% ERC–Sob.   4.80% JxCat–Junts   2.66% EAJ/PNV   1.81% PACMA   1.54% Más País   1.51% EH Bildu   1.33% NA+   0.49% ¡TE!   0.09% ASG   0.01% Others   2.36% Blank ballots   1.89%

Seats PSOE   44.71% PP   39.90% ERC–Sob.   5.29% EAJ/PNV   4.33% JxCat–Junts   1.44% NA+   1.44% Vox   0.96% ¡TE!   0.96% EH Bildu   0.48% ASG   0.48%

Elected members

Main articles: 14th Cortes Generales, 14th Congress of Deputies, and 14th Senate of Spain

Aftermath

On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens (Cs)^[97] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely.^[98] The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.

Government formation

Further information: 2019–2020 Spanish government formation § Second formation round (November 2019 – January 2020), and Second government of Pedro Sánchez

On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies.^[99]

Investiture Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot →		5 January 2020	7 January 2020
Required majority →		176 out of 350 N	Simple Y
	Yes • PSOE (120) • UP–ECP–GeC (35) (34 on 5 Jan) • PNV (6) • Más País (2) • Compromís (1) • NCa (1) • BNG (1) • ¡TE! (1)	166 / 350	167 / 350
	No • PP (88) • Vox (52) • Cs (10) • JxCat (8) • CUP (2) • UPN (2) • CCa (1) • PRC (1) • FAC (1)	165 / 350	165 / 350
	Abstentions • ERC (13) • EH Bildu (5)	18 / 350	18 / 350
	Absentees • UP–ECP–GeC (1) (on 5 Jan)	1 / 350	0 / 350
Sources[100][101]

2020 motion of no confidence

Further information: 2020 vote of no confidence in the government of Pedro Sánchez

Motion of no confidence Santiago Abascal (Vox)
Ballot →		22 October 2020
Required majority →		176 out of 350 N
	Yes • Vox (52)	52 / 350
	No • PSOE (120) • PP (88) • UP–ECP–GeC (35) • ERC (13) • Cs (10) • PNV (6) • EH Bildu (5) • Junts (4) • PDeCAT (4) • Más País (2) • CUP (2) • UPN (2) • Compromís (1) • CCa (1) • NCa (1) • BNG (1) • PRC (1) • FAC (1) • ¡TE! (1)	298 / 350
	Abstentions	0 / 350
	Absentees	0 / 350
Sources[102]

2023 motion of no confidence

Further information: 2023 vote of no confidence in the government of Pedro Sánchez

In February 2023, Ramón Tamames, a former member of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if a Vox-proposed motion of no confidence were successful.^[103] The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions (People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against.^[104]

Motion of no confidence Ramón Tamames (Independent)
Ballot →		22 March 2023
Required majority →		176 out of 350
	Yes • Vox (52) • INDEP (1)	53 / 350
	No • PSOE (120) • UP–ECP–GeC (30) • ERC (13) • CS (9) • PNV (6) • EH Bildu (4) • JxCat (4) • PDeCAT (4) • Más País (2) • CUP (2) • CCa (2) • Compromís (1) • BNG (1) • PRC (1) • TE (1) • INDEP (1)	201 / 350
	Abstentions • PP (88) • PN (2) • Foro (1)	91 / 350
	Absentees • UP–ECP–GeC (3) • EH Bildu (1)	4 / 350
Sources

Notes

1. Total figures include results for En Comú Podem and En Común.
2. Oriol Junqueras had his Congress of Deputies membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group.
3. 3 seats were vacant, pending regional appointments as a result of the 2019 Spanish regional elections.
4. Raül Romeva had his Senate membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group.
5. Results for CCa–PNC (0.53%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) and NCa (0.14%, 0 seats) in the April 2019 election.
6. Coalició Compromís (1 deputy) joined the Més Compromís alliance ahead of the November 2019 election.
7. Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
8. Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
9. Parliamentary spokespersons' debate.
10. "Women's debate".
11. The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

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24. Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.
25. LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162 & 165–166.
26. LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. V, art. 42.
27. Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 99.
28. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
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34. "PP y Foro Asturias concurrirán en coalición a las generales del 10N". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
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37. "Junqueras y los otros condenados salen de las listas electorales para el 10-N". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
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54. "Galicia en Común encara o 10N co lema 'Conta con nós'". Sermos Galiza (in Catalan). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
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56. "ERC avisa que amb un PSOE que ho fa "tot impossible" i no dialoga "no hi ha res a parlar"". El Punt Avui (in Catalan). 28 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
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59. "Otegi dice que solo la suma de soberanistas de izquierdas "pondrá fin a la herencia que dejó la dictadura"" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
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62. "O Morrazo se suma a la campaña más corta". Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). 1 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
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70. "Franco's body can be exhumed, rules Spanish court". CNN News. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
71. "El prior del Valle de los Caídos desacata la sentencia del Supremo y no autoriza la exhumación de Franco". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 9 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
72. "El Gobierno cierra el Valle de los Caídos hasta la exhumación de Franco". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
73. "El Gobierno desactiva al prior y estira la exhumación de Franco como arma del 10-N". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
74. "Sentencia del 'procés': penas de 9 a 13 años para Junqueras y los otros líderes por sedición y malversación⟨⟩". El País (in Spanish). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
75. "Las protestas bloquean el aeropuerto de El Prat". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
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77. "Grupos violentos trasladan su pulso a la sede de Interior en Barcelona". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
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Bibliography

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• Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General (Organic Law 5/1985). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 147. 19 June 1985 [version as of 25 June 2019]. ISSN 0212-033X. BOE-A-1985-11672. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
• Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

External links

• Media related to Spanish general election, November 2019 at Wikimedia Commons