Northern Straits Salish (also referred to as North Straits Salish)[2] is a language composed of several mutually-intelligible dialects within the Coast Salish language family spoken in western Washington and British Columbia. The various dialects of Northern Straits Salish are often referred to as separate languages, both in historic and modern times, and although their similarities are recognized by its speakers, there is no word for the language as a whole.
| North Straits Salish | |
|---|---|
| SENĆOŦEN / Malchosen / Siʔneməš / Lekwungen / Semiahmoo / T’Sou-ke | |
| Region | Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada; Washington, United States |
Native speakers | 105 (2016 census)[1] |
Salishan
| |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | str |
| Glottolog | stra1244 |
| ELP | Northern Straits Salish |
 | |
 Northern Straits Salish is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Dialects
The dialects of Northern Straits are as follows:[3] (†) marks a dialect that has no native speakers.
- Lummi (Lummi: Xwlemi Chosen)
- Saanich (Saanich: SENĆOŦEN,[lower-alpha 1] W̱SÁNEĆḴEN[lower-alpha 2])[4]
- Samish (Samish: Xws7ámeshqen)[5]
- Semiahmoo (†)[citation needed]
- Songhees (Songhees: lək̓ʷəŋiʔnəŋ; also known as Lekwungen or Songish)[6][7]
- T'sou-ke (also known as Sooke)
Classification
Northern Straits is a Salishan language within the Coast Salish branch. Among the Coast Salish languages, Northern Straits is one of the two languages in the Straits Salish branch, the other being Klallam. Klallam and Northern Straits are very closely related, but have lost mutual intelligibility.[2]
Historians have historically classified the various dialects of Northern Straits and Klallam together in many ways. Linguist George Gibbs, in 1863, classified Klallam, Sooke, and Songhees as being one language, Lummi, Saanich, and Semiahmoo being another language, and Samish being a dialect of another Coast Salish language, Lushootseed. One missionary, Myron Eells, believed that Lummi was a dialect of Klallam. German anthropologist Franz Boas believed that Klallam was part of the same language as Northern Straits. Furthermore, Charles Hill-Tout, a Canadian anthropologist, classified Sooke, Saanich, Songhees, Lummi, and Klallam as one language called "Lekonenen," and Songhees as another called "Lekunen."[clarification needed] What Hill-Tout believed to be the names of the languages were actually derived from the words lək̓ʷəŋiʔnəŋ (the Songhees name for Songhees dialect) and lək̓ʷəŋən (the Songhees name for the Songhees people). Despite this, Klallam and the dialects of Northern Straits Salish are not mutually intelligible.[2]
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
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