Nineveh Governorate

Nineveh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة نينوى, romanized: muḥāfaẓat Naynawā;^[3] Syriac: ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ, romanized: Hoparkiya d’Ninwe,^[4][5] Sorani Kurdish: پارێزگای نەینەوا, romanized: Parêzgeha Neynewa^[6][7]) is a governorate in northern Iraq. It has an area of 37,323 km² (14,410 sq mi) and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people as of 2003. Its largest city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient Nineveh. Before 1976, it was called Mosul Province and included the present-day Dohuk Governorate.^[8] The second largest city is Tal Afar, which has an almost exclusively Turkmen population.^[9]

Nineveh Governorate محافظة نينوى (Arabic)
Governorate
Top-bottom, R–L: View over Tigris river Church of Saint Thomas • Hatra Mosul Rural area • The river's gate Mosul Museum • Heritage house
Flag Seal
Coordinates: 36°0′N 42°28′E
Country	Iraq
Capital	Mosul
Government
• Governor	Abdul Qader al-Dakheel
Area
• Total	37,323 km2 (14,410 sq mi)
Population  (Estimate 2018[1])
• Total	3,730,000[1]
ISO 3166 code	IQ-NI
HDI (2021)	0.695[2] medium

An ethnically, religiously and culturally diverse region, it was partly conquered by ISIS in 2014.^[10] Iraqi government forces retook the city of Mosul in 2017.^[11][12]

Recent history and administration

Former governor Atheel al-Nujaifi in the Yezidian Academy, Hanover, Germany, 2014

Its two cities endured the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and emerged unscathed. In 2004, however, Mosul and Tal Afar were the scenes of fierce battles between US-led troops and Iraqi insurgents. The insurgents moved to Nineveh after the Battle of Fallujah in 2004.

After the invasion, the military of the province was led by (then Major General) David Petraeus of the 101st Airborne Division and later by (then Brigadier General) Carter Ham as the multi-national brigade for Iraq. During the time, the American civil head of the local office of the Coalition Provisional Authority was US Foreign Service Officer and former Kurdish refugee to the States, Herro Mustafa. Mustafa administered her nominees on the provincial council and through members of the Kashmoula family.

In June 2004, Osama Kashmoula became the interim governor of the province and in September of the same year he was assassinated en route to Baghdad. He was succeeded as interim Governor by Duraid Kashmoula, who was elected governor in January 2005. Duraid Kashmoula resigned in 2009.^[13] In April 2009, Atheel al-Nujaifi, a hardline Arab nationalist and member of Al-Hadba, became governor.^[14] While al-Nujaifi's Arab Muttahidoon bloc lost its majority to the Kurdish Brotherhood and Coexistence Alliance List in the 2013 provincial election, al-Nujaifi was reelected as governor by a larger Sunni Arab coalition^[15] that was later formalized as the Nahda Bloc.

In June 2014, insurgents from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (known as ISIS or ISIL) overran the capital Mosul, forcing an estimated 500,000 refugees to flee the area,^[16] including governor al-Nujaifi,^[17] who was subsequently deposed by the Iraqi Parliament.^[18]

While the Kurdish list proposed Hassan al-Allaf, an Arab affiliated with the Islamic Party,^[19] the provincial council elected Nofal Hammadi (formerly Loyalty to Nineveh List) with the votes of the Nahdha bloc.^[20]

An offensive to retake Mosul from ISIL control began in October 2016, with Iraqi and Kurdish soldiers supported by a U.S.-led coalition of 60 nations.^[12]

Provincial elections

Main article: 2013 Nineveh governorate election

Geography

Borders

The province borders the governorates of Dohuk, Kirkuk, Erbil, Saladin, and Anbar. It also shares a border with Syria, mostly Al-Hasakah Governorate, and Deir ez-Zor Governorate.

Districts

Districts within Nineveh Governorate

Nineveh Governorate comprises nine districts (excluding Aqrah), listed below with their areas^[21] and populations as estimated in 2018:^[22]

No.	District	Name in Arabic	Population in 2018	Area in sq. km
1.	Mosul	الموصل	1,905,174	4,318
2.	Tel Afar	تلعفر	511,004	4,286
3.	Sinjar	سنجار	325,816	3,576
4.	Al-Hamdaniya	الحمدانية	210,601	740.6
5.	Tel Keppe	تلكيف	210,263	1,218
6.	Makhmūr	مخمور	209,545	2,682
7.	Al-Ba'aj	البعاج	179,520	8,359
8.	Al-Hadar (Hatra)	الحضر	59,429	11,130
9.	Shekhan	شيخان	43,984	466
	Total		3,729,998	36,700

• 
  Mosul
• 
  Tel Afar
• 
  Hamdaniyah
• 
  Tel Keppe
• 
  Hatra
• 
  Shekhan

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1977	1,105,700	—
1987	1,479,430	+2.95%
1997	2,042,852	+3.28%
2009	3,106,948	+3.56%
2018	3,729,998	+2.05%
Source: Citypopulation[23]

Nineveh Province is multiethnic. There are significant numbers of Arabs, Assyrians, Turkmens, Kurds and Yazidis who live in both in towns and cities, and in their own specific villages and regions. There are also many Armenians, Kawliya, Mandeans and Shabaks.

The majority are Sunni Muslim, with 80% of the Arabs and Turkmens being Sunni Muslim, as well Kurds also being Sunni Muslim. About 5–10% of the population is Shia Muslim. Generally, Yazidis, Shabaks and Mandeans are followers of their respective heritage religions, Yazidism, Shabakism, and Mandaeism.

The primary spoken language is Arabic. Minority languages include Turkmen, Neo-Aramaic dialects, Kurdish (predominantly Kurmanji) and Armenian.

Proposed Assyrian autonomous region

Main article: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq

Many Assyrian leaders advocate an autonomous Assyrian homeland within the Nineveh Province (mostly in the Nineveh Plains region) for the Assyrian population.^[24]

See also

• 2005 Nineveh governorate election
• Assyrian homeland
• Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State
• Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State
• List of churches and monasteries in Nineveh
• List of Yazidi settlements
• Nineveh Plains
• Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq