Nigali Sagar

Nigali Sagar (also called Nigliva,^[1] Nigali Sagar pillar, Nighihawa pillar, Nigliva pillar, or Araurakot pillar) is an archaeological site in Nepal containing the remains of a pillar of Ashoka. The site is located in Nigalihawa, about 20 kilometers northwest of Lumbini and 7 kilometers northeast of Taulihawa.^[2] Another famous inscription discovered nearby in a similar context is the Lumbini pillar inscription.

Nigali Sagar pillar of Ashoka at Nepal
The Nigali Sagar pillar, one of the pillars of Ashoka.
Material	Polished sandstone
Size	Height: Width:
Period/culture	3rd century BCE
Discovered	27°35′41.7″N 83°05′44.9″E
Place	Nigalihawa, Nepal.
Present location	Nigalihawa, Nepal.
Nigali Sagar Show map of Nepal Nigali Sagar Show map of South Asia

Discovery

The pillar was discovered in 1893 by a Nepalese officer on a hunting expedition.^[3][4] The pillar and its inscriptions (there are several inscriptions on it, from Brahmi to Medieval) were researched in March 1895 by Alois Anton Führer. Führer published his discovery in the Progress Report of the Archaeological Survey Circle, North-West Province, for the year ending on June 30, 1895.^[1] The fact that the inscription was discovered by Führer, who is also known to have forged Brahmi inscriptions on ancient stone artefacts, casts a doubt on the authenticity of this inscription.^[5]

Nigali Sagar pillar with inscription

Nigali Sagar pillar stump with exposed inscription, and separated top portion.^[6]

The pillar was not erected in-situ, as no foundation has been discovered under it. It is thought that it was moved about 8 to 13 miles, from an uncertain location.^[7]

Besides his description of the pillar, Führer made a detailed description of the remains of a monumental "Konagamana stupa" near the Nigali Sagar pillar,^[8] which was later discovered to be an imaginative construct.^[9] Führer wrote that "On all sides around this interesting monument are ruined monasteries, fallen columns, and broken sculptures", when actually nothing can be found around the pillar.^[10] In the following years, inspections of the site showed that there were no such archaeological remains, and that, in respect to Fuhrer's description "every word of it is false".^[11] It was finally understood in 1901 that Führer had copied almost word-for-word this description from a report by Alexander Cunningham about the stupas in Sanchi.^[12]

Kanakamuni Buddha

"Budha-sa Konākamana-sa" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀓𑁄𑀦𑀸𑀓𑀫𑀦𑀲, "Of the Kanakamuni Buddha") inscription in the Brahmi Script, at Nigali Sagar, 250 BCE

It is said that in this place the Kanakamuni Buddha, one of the Buddhas of the past, was born.^[13] The Asoka inscription engraved on the pillar in Brahmi script and Pali language attests the fact that Emperor Asoka enlarged the Kanakamuni Buddha's stupa, worshiped it and erected a stone pillar for Kanakamuni Buddha on the occasion of the twentieth year of his coronation.

Added to the doubts on the authenticity of the inscription, the very mention of a "divinized Buddha having been several time reborn" and preceded by other Buddhas such as Kanakamuni Buddha, inscribed on a pillar in a historical period as early as the 3rd century BCE, is considered by some authors as quite doubtful and problematic.^[14] Such complex religious constructions are generally considered as belonging to later stages of the development of Buddhism.^[14]

The Nigali Sagar Edict

Main article: Minor Pillar Edicts

The inscription, made when Emperor Asoka visited the site in 249 BCE and erected the pillar, reads:

Nigali Sagar Edict

Translation (English)	Transliteration (original Brahmi script)	Inscription (Prakrit in the Brahmi script)
“Beloved of the Gods Priyadarsin in the 14th year of his reign enlarged for the second time the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni and in the 20th year of his reign, having come in person, paid reverence and set up a stone pillar”.[15][16]	𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺𑀦 𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺𑀦 𑀘𑁄𑀤𑀲𑀯𑀲𑀸 𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦 Devānam piyena piyadasina lajina chodasavasā [bhisite]na 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀓𑁄𑀦𑀸𑀓𑀫𑀦𑀲 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂𑀤𑀼𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀁 𑀯𑀠𑀺𑀢𑁂 Budhasa Konākamanasa thube-dutyam vaḍhite 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯 𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦𑀘 𑀅𑀢𑀦 𑀅𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 [Visativa] sābhisitena ca atana-agāca mahīyite 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀣𑀩𑁂𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂 [silathabe ca usa] papite[15][16]	Rubbing of the inscription.

Because of this dedication by Ashoka, the Nigali Sagar pillar has the earliest known record ever of the word "stupa" (here the Pali word Thube).^[17]

There is also a second inscription, "Om mani padme hum" and "Sri Ripu Malla Chiram Jayatu 1234" made by King Ripu Malla in the year 1234 (Saka Era, corresponding to 1312 CE).

Accounts of the pillar

Fragments of Gotihawa and Nigali Sagar, possibly belonging to the same pillar.^[18]

The Chinese pilgrims Fa-Hien (337 CE – c. 422 CE) and Xuanzang (602–664 CE) describe the Kanakamuni Stupa and the Asoka Pillar in their travel accounts. Xuanzang speaks of a lion capital atop the pillar, now lost.

A base of a Pillar of Ashoka has been discovered at Gotihawa, a few miles from Nigali Sagar, and it has been suggested that it is the original base of the Nigalar Sagar pillar fragments.^[18]

Gallery

• 
  Birthplace of Koṇāgamana Buddha. Nigalihawa, Kapilvastu District, Nepal
• 
  Statue commemorating the birthplace of Koṇāgamana Buddha. Nigalihawa, Kapilvastu District, Nepal
• 
  Full length of the pillar
• 
  Another general view
• 
  Pillar stump and inscription of Ashoka
• 
  13th century inscription by King Ripu Malla
• 
  Inscription of a bird
• 
  Inscription by Ashoka
• 
  Rubbing of the inscription
• 
  Nigali Sagar pillar inscriptions
• 
  Ashoka pillar inscriptions
• 
  Nigali Sagar pillar plan

References

1. Smith, VA (1897). "The Birthplace of Gautama Buddha". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 29 (3): 615–21. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00024758. JSTOR 25207888. S2CID 162671036.
2. "Niglihawa: The Birthplace of Kanakamuni Buddha". Kapilavastu: Monuments. Lumbini, Nepal: Lumbini Development Trust. 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
3. Falk, H (1998). The Discovery of Lumbini. Occasional Papers. Vol. 1. Lumbini, Nepal: Lumbini International Research Institute. pp. 1–22.
4. Waddell, LA; Wylie, H; Konstam, EM (1897). "The Discovery of the Birthplace of the Buddha". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 29 (3): 645–6. JSTOR 25207894.
5. Thomas, EJ (2002). History of Buddhist Thought. Courier Corporation. p. 155, note 1. ISBN 978-0-486-42104-9.
6. Führer, AA (1897). Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birth-place in the Nepalese tarai /. Allahabad : Govt. Press, N.W.P. and Oudh.
7. Mukherji, PC; Smith, VA (1901). A report on a tour of exploration of the antiquities in the Tarai, Nepal the region of Kapilavastu;. Calcutta, Office of the superintendent of government printing, India.
8. Führer, AA (1897). Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birth-place in the Nepalese tarai /. Allahabad: Govt. Press, N.W.P. and Oudh. p. 22.
9. Thomas, EJ (2000). The Life of Buddha as Legend and History. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-41132-3.
10. ""On all sides around this interesting monument are ruined monasteries, fallen columns, and broken sculptures." This elaborate description was not supported by a single drawing, plan, or photograph. Every word of it is false." in Rijal, Babu Krishna; Mukherji, Poorno Chander (1996). 100 Years of Archaeological Research in Lumbini, Kapilavastu & Devadaha. S.K. International Publishing House. p. 58.
11. Mukherji, P. C.; Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). A report on a tour of exploration of the antiquities in the Tarai, Nepal the region of Kapilavastu;. Calcutta, Office of the superintendent of government printing, India. p. 4.
12. Falk, Harry (January 1998). The discovery of Lumbinī. p. 11.
13. Political Violence in Ancient India by Upinder Singh p.46
14. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 233–235. ISBN 978-0-691-17632-1.
15. Basanta Bidari - 2004 Kapilavastu: the world of Siddhartha - Page 87
16. Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch (in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 165.
17. Amaravati: The Art of an early Buddhist Monument in context. p.23
18. Irwin, John (1974). "'Aśokan' Pillars: A Reassessment of the Evidence-II: Structure". The Burlington Magazine. 116 (861): 721. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 877843.

See also

• Google location and photographs