Mutsun language

Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is a Utian language spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. It initially went extinct in 1930 when the last speaker died, Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes. The Tamien Nation and Amah Mutsun [Wikidata] band is currently working to restore the use of the language, using a modern alphabet.^[2][3][4]

Mutsun
San Juan Bautista
Native to	United States
Region	California
Ethnicity	Mutsun Ohlone
Extinct	1930, with the death of Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes[1]
Revival	early 2000s
Language family	Yok-Utian Utian Ohlone Southern Mutsun
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	(included in Southern Ohlone css)
Glottolog	muts1243
Map of Ohlone varieties with   Mutsun
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Studies of the language

Maria Ascención Solórsano de Garcia y de Cervantes, the last known fluent speaker of Mutsun, amassed large amounts of language and cultural data specific to the Mutsun.^[3] The Spanish Franciscan missionary and linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta wrote extensively about the language's grammar, and linguist John Peabody Harrington made very extensive notes on the language from Solórsano. Harrington's field notes formed the basis of the grammar of Mutsun written by Marc Okrand as a University of California dissertation in 1977^[1] which to this day remains the only grammar^{[citation needed]} ever written of any Costanoan language. Scholars from the U.S., Germany, and the Netherlands have discussed methods that could facilitate the revitalization of Mutsun.^[5]

Phonology

Vowel and consonant phonemes are represented here with the descriptions and orthography of the English-Mutsun dictionary,^[6] with additions from an earlier paper by Warner, Butler, and Luna-Costillas.^[7]

Vowels

	Front		Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩	iː ⟨ii⟩	u ⟨u⟩	uː ⟨uu⟩
Mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩	ɛː ⟨ee⟩	o ⟨o⟩	oː ⟨oo⟩
Open			ɑ ⟨a⟩	ɑː ⟨aa⟩

• /ɛ/ is open-mid, whereas /o/ is close-mid.^[8]
• Vowels and consonants are doubled to indicate longer pronunciation (ex: IPA for toolos 'knee' is [toːlos])

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			hard	soft
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	nʲ ⟨N⟩
Stop		p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	tʲ ⟨tY⟩	ʈ ⟨T⟩		k ⟨k⟩	ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
Affricate			ts ⟨ts⟩			tʃ ⟨c⟩
Fricative			s ⟨s⟩			ʃ ⟨S⟩		h ⟨h⟩
Approximant		w ⟨w⟩	l ⟨l⟩	lʲ ⟨L⟩		j ⟨y⟩
Flap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Alphabet

Unlike many Latin-script alphabets, Mutsun uses capital letters as separate sounds.^[9] The following alphabet is based on the alphabetization of the Mutsun-English dictionary and includes an example word.^[10]

Mutsun alphabet

Letter	Example word	Gloss
a	aacic	pipe
c	caahi	barn owl
d	diyos	God
e	eccer	iron (n)
h	haahe	run away (v)
i	icci	bite (v)
k	kaa	daughter
l	laake	rise (v)
L	Luohu	yearling calf
m	maahi	close, cover (v)
n	naaru	turnip
N	Notko	be short
o	oce	send
p	paaka	shell (v)
r	raakat	name (n)
s	saake	gather pinenuts
S	Saanay	near, nearby (adv)
t	taacin	river rat, kangaroo rat
T	Taakampi	bring, carry to
ts	tsayla	lie face up
tY	tYottYoni	holly berry
u	ucirmin	small needle
w	waaha	scratch, sing slowly
y	yaase	eat
ʼ	-ʼa	unknown meaning