Montreal Protocol
1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali).[1][2][3] As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering.[4] Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 (across much of the world) and 2066 (over Antarctica).[5][6][7] Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol".[8][9] In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so.[10] In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.[11][12]
This article needs to be updated. (September 2022) |
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer | |
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Signed | 16 September 1987 |
Location | Montreal |
Effective | 1 January 1989 if 11 states have ratified by then. |
Condition | Ratification by 20 states |
Signatories | 46 |
Ratifiers | 198 (all United Nations members, as well as the Cook Islands, Niue, the Holy See, Palestine, and the European Union) |
Depositary | Secretary-General of the United Nations |
Languages | Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. |
The ozone treaty has been ratified by 198 parties (197 states and the European Union),[13] making it the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history.[14]
This truly universal treaty has also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy-making process at the global scale, where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery (1973) and the international agreement signed (1985 and 1987).