Means of communication

Means of communication are used by people to communicate and exchange information with each other as an information sender and an information recipient.

The smartphone – one of the most important means of communication of the 21st century

General information

We use many different materials in communication. Maps, for example, save you tedious explanations on how to get to your destination. While these ways of communicating are also complex. A means of communication is therefore a means to an end to make communication between people easier, more understandable and, above all, clearer. In everyday language, the term means of communication is often equated with the medium. However, the term "medium" is used in media studies to refer to a large number of concepts, some of which do not correspond to everyday usage.^[1][2] Making each of these experiences unique.

Means of communication are used for communication between sender and recipient and thus for the transmission of information. Elements of communication include a communication-triggering event, sender and recipient, a means of communication, a path of communication and contents of communication.^[3] The path of communication is the path that a message travels between sender and recipient; in hierarchies the vertical line of communication is identical to command hierarchies.^[4] Paths of communication can be physical (e.g. the road as transportation route) or non-physical (e.g. networks like a computer network). Contents of communication can be for example photography, data, graphics, language, or texts.

Means of communication in the narrower sense refer to technical devices that transmit information.^[5] They are the manifestations of contents of communication that can be perceived through the senses and replace the communication that originally ran from person to person and make them reproducible.^[6]

History of the term

Up until the 19th century the term was primarily applied to traffic and couriers and to means of transport and transportation routes, such as railways, roads and canals,^[7] but also used to include post riders and stagecoachs. In 1861, the national economist Albert Schäffle defined a means of communication as an aid to the circulation of goods and financial services, which included, among other things, newspapers, telegraphy, mail, courier services, remittance advice, invoices, and bills of lading.^[8]

In the period that followed, the "technical means of communication" increasingly came to the foreground, so that as early as 1895 the German newspaper "Deutsches Wochenblatt" reported that these technical means of communication had been improved to such an extent that "everyone all over the world has become our neighbor".^[9]

Not until the 20th century was the term medium also a synonym for these technical means of communication. In the 1920s the term mass media started to become more popular.

Different types

A distinction can be made between oral, written, screen-oriented transfer of information and document transport:^[10]

verbal transfer of information	written transfer of information	screen-oriented transfer of information	Records transport
speech, mobile phones, telephones	letters, postcards, telex	Bildschirmtext, webcam	couriers
intercom	fax	online chat, email, presentation programs, SMS, MMS, teletext	conveyor belt message in a bottle
virtual assistant	teletex	remote data transmission	pneumatic tube
two-way radio, radiotelephones	computer terminals	satellite radio	carrier pigeon

In this table means of communication are mentioned that are no longer used today.

Furthermore, a distinction can be made between:

• natural communication:
  • nonverbal communications: applause, gestures, facial expressions (social means of communication); flag signs;
  • language: communication forms such as meetings, discussions;
• technical communication:
  • writing systems and drawings as data storage of language;
  • Email, fax, teletype, mobile phones, mass media, SMS/MMS, telephone, webcam.

Means of communication in the narrower sense are those of technical communication.

In companies (businesses, agencies, institutions) typical means of communication include documents, such as analyses, business cases, due diligence reviews, financial analyses, forms, business models, feasibility studies, scientific publications, and contracts.

Natural means of communication

The means of natural communication or the "primary medias" (see Media studies) include:

• Speech and other mouth-formed sounds, e.g. screaming;
• Sign language using hand or body movements, e.g. winking;
• Photos is another way; we see this method used with younger children.
• Other non-verbal means of communication include clothing (see dress code) and other forms of appearance, as well as different accentuations in the living, food and construction culture.

Technical means of communication

• communicating through the means of an internet-based delivery system
• with hands or technical aids written characters on paper or another substrate as a writing medium (letter, message);
• Printed media produced with the help of printing technology;
• Playback of sounds or images (in Image Media^[11]) by record players such as tape recorders and projectors for slide shows or movies;
• Transmission of speech by telephone or writing by telegraph, mostly to a single addressee; satellite car.

Communication theory

Means of communication are often differentiated in models of communication:

• in terms of reaching and determining the target audience of a means of communication, whether individual communication, group communication and mass communication;
• in terms of the technical components in natural and technical means of communication;
• in terms of the components of speech in verbal and nonverbal communication.

Media as a means of communication in the future will be distinguished:

• by data storage, broadcasting media and processing media, especially to record, reproduce and reduplicate media content.
• by primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary media, depending on the technology used by sender and recipient.

Mass media

Main article: Mass media

Mass media refers to reaching many recipients from one – or less than one – sender simultaneously or nearly simultaneously. Containing a number of diverse forms, listed below.

• Transmission of information via printing products in diverse forms (book, pamphlet, xerography, poster, mail merge, newspaper)
• Transmission of language, music or other sounds radio waven (radio broadcasting)
• Transmission of visual image and sound via radio wave (television)
• The most up-to-date means of communication in a long chain of innovation is the Internet

Due to their wide dissemination, mass media are suitable for providing the majority of the population with the same information.

See also

• Media history

Bibliography

General

• Lothar Hoffmann, Kommunikationsmittel: Fachsprache: eine Einführung, 1976
• Michael Franz, Electric Laokoon: Zeichen und Medien, von der Lochkarte zur Grammatologie, 2007, ISBN 978-3-05-003504-8
• Horst Völz, Das ist Information. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8440-5587-0.
• Berger, C. R. (1991). Communication theories and other curios. Communication Monographs, 58(1), 101–113.
• Rains, S. A., Levine, T. R., & Weber, R. (2018). Sixty years of quantitative communication research summarized: lessons from 149 meta-analyses. Annals of the International Communication Association, 42(2), 105–124.

Natural communication

• Jean Werner Sommer, Kommunikationsmittel: Wort und Sprache, 1970
• Beat Pfister, Tobias Kaufmann: Sprachverarbeitung: Grundlagen und Methoden der Sprachsynthese und Spracherkennung, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-75909-6
• Renate Rathmayr, Nonverbale Kommunikationsmittel und ihre Versprachlichung, 1987
• Amit, E., Wakslak, C., & Trope, Y. (2013). The Use of Visual and Verbal Means of Communication Across Psychological Distance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(1), 43-56.

Mass media

• Jörg Aufermann, Hans Bohrmann, Massenkommunikationsmittel, 1968
• Fritz Eberhard, Optische und akustische Massenkommunikationsmittel, 1967
• Theodor Bücher, Pädagogik der Massenkommunikationsmittel, 1967
• Hans Kaspar Platte, Soziologie der Massenkommunikationsmittel, 1965
• Jones, Steve, and David W. Park. “The Field of Communication’s Uptake of Computers, Networks, and the Internet: 1970–2000.” Internet Histories, vol. 4, no. 4
• Gearhart, S., & Cho, J. (2020). Mapping the History of Journalism & Mass Communication Educator: 30 Years of Publication (1990–2019). Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 75(4), 375-391

Social means of communication

• Daniel Michelis, Thomas Schildhauer (2010). Social Media Handbuch – Theorien, Methoden, Modelle. Baden-Baden: Nomos. p. 327. ISBN 978-3-8329-5470-3.

• Daniel Michelis, Thomas Schildhauer (2012). Social Media Handbuch - Theorien, Methoden, Modelle und Praxis (2. updated and extended ed.). Baden-Baden: Nomos. p. 358. ISBN 978-3-8329-7121-2.

Citations

1. Daniel Brockmeier, Bild, Sprache, Schrift – Zum Sprachverständnis in der zeitgenössischen deutschsprachigen Bildtheorie, 2009, S. 15 ff., ISBN 3640575113
2. Lambert Wiesing (2010). Artificial Presence: Philosophical Studies in Image Theory. Stanford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-8047-5940-3.
3. Lutz J. Heinrich; Armin Heinzl; Friedrich Roithmayr (2014). Wirtschaftsinformatik-Lexikon (in German). München; Wien: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 368. ISBN 978-3-486-81590-0.
4. Udo Stopp (2008). Praktische Betriebspsychologie: Probleme und Lösungen (in German). Renningen: expert-Verlag. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-8169-2805-8.
5. Reinhold Sellien/Helmut Sellien (Hrsg.), Gablers Wirtschafts-Lexikon, 1988, Sp. 2875
6. Manfred Bruhn, Lexikon der Kommunikationspolitik, 2011, S. 64
7. Charles Franz Zimpel, Straßen-Verbindung des Mittelländischen mit dem Todten Meere …, 1865, S. 3
8. Albert Schäffle, Die Nationalökonomie, 1861, S. 243
9. Deutsches Wochenblatt, 8. Jg., 1895, S. 349
10. Verlag Dr. Th. Gabler (Hrsg.), Gabler Büro-Lexikon, 1982, S. 156
11. Bernd Weidenmann, Lernen mit Bildmedien: Psychologische und didaktische Grundlagen, Beltz/Weinheim, 1991.