Mannitol
Chemical compound / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication.[5][6] It is used as a low calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines.[5] As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower increased intracranial pressure.[7][6] Medically, it is given by injection or inhalation.[8][9] Effects typically begin within 15 minutes and last up to 8 hours.[8]
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Trade names | Osmitrol, Bronchitol, others |
Other names | d-Mannitol, mannite, manna sugar |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
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Routes of administration | Intravenous, By mouth |
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Bioavailability | ~7% |
Metabolism | Liver, negligible |
Elimination half-life | 100 minutes |
Excretion | Kidney: 90% |
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E number | E421 (thickeners, ...) |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.647 |
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Formula | C6H14O6 |
Molar mass | 182.172 g·mol−1 |
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Common side effects from medical use include electrolyte problems and dehydration.[8] Other serious side effects may include worsening heart failure and kidney problems.[8][6] It is unclear if use is safe in pregnancy.[8] Mannitol is in the osmotic diuretic family of medications and works by pulling fluid from the brain and eyes.[8]
The discovery of mannitol is attributed to Joseph Louis Proust in 1806.[10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] It was originally made from the flowering ash and called manna due to its supposed resemblance to the Biblical food.[12][13] Mannitol is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned drug list due to concerns that it may mask other drugs.[14]