Malcolm Dole

Malcolm Dole (March 4, 1903 – November 29, 1990) was an American chemist known for the Dole Effect in which he proved that the atomic weight of oxygen in air is greater than that of oxygen in water^[1] and for his work on electrospray ionization, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry.^[2][3]

Malcolm Dole
Born	March 4, 1903 Melrose, Massachusetts
Died	November 29, 1990 (1990-11-30) (aged 87) Los Gatos, California
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Harvard University
Known for	Dole effect Jones–Dole equation Glass electrodes Polymer crosslinking Electrospray ionization
Scientific career
Fields	Physical chemistry Electrochemistry Polymer chemistry
Institutions	Northwestern University Baylor University
Thesis	A study of the dissociation of barium chloride in water  (1928)
Doctoral advisor	Theodore William Richards

Dole effect

The Dole effect is the inequality in the ratio of heavy oxygen isotope ¹⁸O to the more abundant ¹⁶O in the Earth's atmosphere and in seawater. This effect was reported by Dole in 1935.^[4][5] The effect is due to slightly different reaction rates for the two isotopes in respiration in plants and in animals which tends to retain the lighter ¹⁶O, which increases the relative concentration of ¹⁸O in the atmosphere. The effect has also been linked to hydrologic processes, such as the enrichment of the lighter ¹⁶O as water vapor is transported poleward.^[6]

Electrospray

Electrospray is a process in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an aerosol containing highly charged droplets. Dole in 1968 was the first to use electrospray ionization with mass spectrometry.^[7][8]

Books

• Dole, Malcolm (1935). Principles of Experimental and Theoretical Electrochemistry. LCCN 35014525.
• Dole, Malcolm (1941). The Glass Electrode: Methods, Applications, and Theory. ASIN B0007DVA2W. LCCN 41016574.
• Dole, Malcolm (1954). Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics. LCCN 54009934.
• Dole, Malcolm (1972). The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-219802-6.
• Dole, Malcolm (1989). My Life in the Golden Age of America. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 0-533-07995-0.

References

1. Dole, M. (1935). "The relative atomic weight of oxygen in water and air". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (12): 2731. doi:10.1021/ja01315a511.
2. Klotz, Irving M.; Ratner, Mark (December 1991). "Obituary: Malcolm Dole". Physics Today. 44 (12): 100. Bibcode:1991PhT....44l.100K. doi:10.1063/1.2810380.
3. "Malcolm Dole Papers, 1924 - 1990" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-12.
4. Dole, Malcolm (1936). "The Relative Atomic Weight of Oxygen in Water and in Air". Journal of Chemical Physics. 4 (4): 268–275. Bibcode:1936JChPh...4..268D. doi:10.1063/1.1749834.
5. Morita, N. (1935). "The increased density of air oxygen relative to water oxygen". J. Chem. Soc. Japan. 56: 1291.
6. Bender, Sowers and Labeyrie (1994). "The Dole Effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok Ice Core". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 8 (3): 363–376. Bibcode:1994GBioC...8..363B. doi:10.1029/94GB00724.
7. Dole M, Mack LL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Alice MB (1968). "Molecular Beams of Macroions". Journal of Chemical Physics. 49 (5): 2240–2249. Bibcode:1968JChPh..49.2240D. doi:10.1063/1.1670391.
8. Birendra N. Pramanik; A.K. Ganguly; Michael L. Gross (28 February 2002). Applied Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: Practical Spectroscopy Series. CRC Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-8247-4419-9.