This is a list of ice cores drilled for scientific purposes. Note that many of these locations are on moving ice sheets, and the latitude and longitude given is as of the date of drilling.
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Core |
Institution or project |
Coords |
Altitude (metres) |
Drill dates |
Depth (metres) |
Sources |
Lewis Glacier 1, Kenya |
University of East Anglia |
0°9′S 37°18′E |
4880 |
1975 |
6 |
[1] |
Lewis Glacier 1, Kenya |
University of East Anglia |
0°10′S 37°19′E |
4880 |
1977 |
11 |
[1] |
Lewis Glacier 1, Kenya |
IPS |
0°10′S 37°19′E |
c. 4980 |
1978 |
13 |
[2][1] |
Lewis Glacier 2, Kenya |
IPS |
0°10′S 37°19′E |
c. 4980 |
1978 |
12 |
[2][1] |
NIF1 (Northern Ice Field, Kilimandjaro, Tanzania) |
Ohio State University |
3°04′S 37°21′E |
c. 5893 |
2000 |
50.9 |
|
NIF2 (Northern Ice Field, Kilimandjaro, Tanzania) |
Ohio State University |
3°04′S 37°21′E |
c. 5893 |
2000 |
50.8 |
|
NIF3 (Northern Ice Field, Kilimandjaro, Tanzania) |
Ohio State University |
3°04′S 37°21′E |
c. 5893 |
2000 |
49.0 |
|
FWG (Furtwängler Glacier, Kilimandjaro, Tanzania) |
Ohio State University |
3°04′S 37°21′E |
c. 5893 |
2000 |
9.5 |
|
SIF1 (Southern Ice Field, Kilimandjaro, Tanzania) |
Ohio State University |
3°04′S 37°21′E |
c. 5893 |
2000 |
18.5 |
|
SIF2 (Southern Ice Field, Kilimandjaro, Tanzania) |
Ohio State University |
3°04′S 37°21′E |
c. 5893 |
2000 |
22.3 |
|
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Mainland and arctic islands
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Core |
Institution or project |
Coords |
Altitude (metres) |
Drill dates |
Depth (metres) |
Sources |
Shokalsky Glacier |
AARI |
76°30′N 62°0′E |
c. 1000 |
1957 |
30 |
[65] |
Elbrus, Caucasus |
USSR Academy of Science |
c. 44°12′N 44°8′E |
c. 4000 |
1963 |
200 |
[65] |
Alaty |
USSR Academy of Science |
c. 50°0′N 87°30′E |
c. 4000 |
1965 |
200 |
[65] |
Taisetsu Mountains |
ILTS |
c. 43°30′N 143°0′E |
1730 |
1966 |
24 |
[65] |
Besengi Glacier |
USSR Academy of Science |
c. 44°12′N 42°40′E |
2700 |
1966 |
150 |
[65] |
Rongbuk Glacier |
IGSNRR |
28°5′N 86°52′E |
5400 |
1966 |
12 |
[65] |
Abramov Glacier |
CAHM, USSR |
c. 39°0′N 72°0′E |
4400 |
1972 |
110 |
[39][65] |
Abramov Glacier |
|
c. 39°0′N 72°0′E |
4400 |
1973 |
50 |
[39][65] |
Abramov Glacier |
|
c. 39°0′N 72°0′E |
4400 |
1974 |
106 |
[39][65] |
Pamir Mountains |
CAHM, USSR |
c. 39°0′N 72°0′E |
c. 3000 |
1974 |
137 |
[39][65][note 32] |
Obruchev Glacier, Polar Urals |
AARI |
c. 65°0′N 60°0′E |
c. 600 |
1974 |
87 |
[39][65] |
Obruchev Glacier, Polar Urals |
AARI |
c. 65°0′N 60°0′E |
c. 600 |
1974 |
64 |
[39][65] |
North Pole 19 |
AARI |
Various |
c. 5 |
1974 |
34 |
[65][note 33] |
North Pole 19 |
AARI |
Various |
c. 10 |
1974 |
11 |
[65][note 33] |
Vavilov Ice Cap |
|
|
|
1975, 1976 |
150-560 (6 holes) |
[39][note 34] |
Vavilov Dome |
|
c. 80°0′N 96°0′E |
c. 780 |
1978 |
450 |
[65] |
Vavilov Dome |
|
c. 80°0′N 96°0′E |
c. 780 |
1978 |
459 |
[65] |
Akademiay Nayk |
|
|
700 |
1986-1987 |
560, 761 |
[39] |
Elbrus, Caucasus |
|
|
4100 |
1987 |
72, 72 |
[39] |
Guliya Ice Cap, China |
|
|
6200 |
1992 |
308 |
[39] |
Windy Dome, Franz Josef Land |
|
|
500 |
1997 |
36, 315 |
[39] |
Belukha, Altai |
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature in Kyoto, Japan |
|
4499 |
2003 |
171 |
|
Belukha, Altai (1) |
Ice Memory Project (University of Grenoble Alpes Foundation) |
|
<4506 |
2018 |
160 |
Archived 2021-06-22 at the Wayback Machine |
Belukha, Altai (2) |
Ice Memory Project (University of Grenoble Alpes Foundation) |
|
<4506 |
2018 |
106 |
Archived 2021-06-22 at the Wayback Machine |
Elbrus, Caucasus (1) |
Ice Memory Project (University of Grenoble Alpes Foundation) |
|
c. 5100 |
2018 |
150 |
Archived 2021-06-22 at the Wayback Machine |
Elbrus, Caucasus (2) |
Ice Memory Project (University of Grenoble Alpes Foundation) |
|
c. 5100 |
2018 |
120 |
Archived 2021-06-22 at the Wayback Machine |
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Southeast Asia
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Alps
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Iceland
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Scandinavia
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Spitzbergen
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Canada
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Greenland
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United States
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New Zealand
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Core |
Institution or project |
Coords |
Altitude (metres) |
Drill dates |
Depth (metres) |
Sources |
Tasman Glacier |
NZGS |
c. 43°30′S 170°15′E |
2340 |
1970 |
12 |
[100] |
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Bolivia
More information Core, Institution or project ...
Core |
Institution or project |
Coords |
Altitude (metres) |
Drill dates |
Depth (metres) |
Sources |
Illimani glacier (1) |
Ice Memory Project (University of Grenoble Alpes Foundation) |
|
6309 |
2017 |
137 |
|
Illimani glacier (2) |
Ice Memory Project (University of Grenoble Alpes Foundation) |
|
6309 |
2017 |
134 |
|
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Peru
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Not included in MacKinnon's 1980 catalogue.[6] Ueda & Talalay make it clear that a coring drill was used for this hole but not whether a core was retrieved.[4]
Not included in MacKinnon's 1980 catalogue.[6] Three holes were drilled to a total combined depth of 101 m; the deepest was 77 m.[13]
Ueda and Talalay (2007) mention two test holes of 35 m each, but do not say whether cores were retrieved, though the drill was able to recover cores.[13]
Hole 1 was drilled to 952 m between 1969 and 1972. An offset hole, 1-bis, was started at 30 m down hole 1 in 1972, and reached 780 m the following year. Another offset hole, 1-2bis, was begun at 307 m in hole 1-bis, and reached 905 m.[25]
Drilled along the traverse from Mirny to Vostok.[26]
The hole was drilled in 1971 to 108 m, and then extended to 224 m in between 1974 and 1976. An offset hole, 2-bis, was begun in 1976, but the drill got stuck after only a few runs; the additional depth drilled was not recorded and Vasiliev does not report whether any cores were recovered.[27]
Three cores drilled along the traverse.[12]
Five cores drilled along the traverse.[12]
The drill stuck at 142 m, and the hole was re-entered at 107 m in an attempt to detach the stuck drill, eventually reaching 145 m on this attempt.[19]
MacKinnon's 1980 catalogue includes a 1974-1975 Novolazarevskaya core at 70°46′S 11°50′E which is not mentioned in other sources, but it does not include this 374 m core, so the two seem to be the same despite the slight differences in coordinates and depth.[31][32]
Bentley & Koci give the depth of this hole as 412 m.[31]
Begun in 1976, this hole reached 721 m during the 1978-1979 drilling season. A new offset hole was accidentally started at 500 m while reaming, and the new hole reached 750 m.[38]
MacKinnon's 1980 catalogue gives the altitude as c. 500 m.[6]
MacKinnon (1980) lists two cores in the 1977/1978 season, at c. 64°20′S 57°30′W and c. 1628 m altitude,[18] but Aristarain (1981), the paper that describes these cores, only lists one core, from December 1977, as given here.[40]
Gillet et al. give a depth of 140 meters for this core, but it appears they are only referring to the depth attained with the first drill used.[43]
Hole 3G was extended by offset holes twice; the extensions, labelled 3G-1 and 3G-2, are treated here as part of a single core. Hole 3G-1 was begun at 1500 m, after 3G reached 1580 m depth; and hole 3G-2 was begun at 1969 m, after 3G-1 had reached 2083 m depth.[45]
Coordinates estimated from map in Thwaites et al. (1984).[46]
Hole 4G reached 279 m in 1983. In 1984 an offset hole, 4G-1, was begun at 120 m, and extended to 752 m by 1986. A second offset hole, 4G-2, was begun at 159 m in 4G-1, and reached 2546 m in 1989.[48]
Thompson et al. list six cores obtained on the Dyer Plateau but do not give exact locations or altitudes. They give the plateau's coordinates as 70°40′16″S 64°52′30″W, with altitude 2002 m, and then say that in 1988–1989 "two ice cores were drilled to a depth of 108 m at a location 6 km west of the divide. In 1989–90, two cores were recovered 1 m apart on the crest of the Dyer Plateau (core 1 — 233.8 m and core 2 — 235.2 m) and two 50 m cores were drilled 4 km east of the divide".[52] Peel et al. list one core for 1988-1989, at 104 m, which is presumably one of the 108 m cores listed by Thompson et al.[42]
Drilling took place in 1990-1993, 1995-1998, and 2005-2006. Hole 5G reached 2259 m; in 1992 an offset hole,
5G-1, was begun, reaching 3650 m in 2006.[54]
Zagorodnov et al. list this core along with two of the Abramov Glacier cores as all having the same altitude, 4400 m. MacKinnon gives the lower altitude.[39][65]
Not included in MacKinnon's 1980 catalog.[72]
MacKinnon's 1980 catalogue lists three 60 m cores in 1968.[66] Gillet et al. do not explicitly list all the cores, but say that one of the 1968 cores was 67 m, and there was a 72 m core in 1969.
This list assumes these are two of the cores on MacKinnon's list.[28]
It is not clear from the source whether these include any of the cores listed above.[39]
The altitude is assumed here to be the same as that of the other Crête cores at the same coordinates.[82]
The altitude is assumed here to be the same as that of the other Dye 2 cores at the same coordinates.[72]
MacKinnon gives the date of this core as 1978.[72]
MacKinnon gives the depth of this core as 90.[72]
Benson gives a map from which the altitude can be seen to be between 4060 m and 4070 m.[99]
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 17-18.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), p. 3.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), pp. 1, 6.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 49-50.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 51-53.
Patton et al. (1965), p. 48.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 44-45.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 45-46.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), pp. 7-8.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 43-53.
Langway & Chiang (1976), p. 291.
Bentley & Koci (2007), p. 2.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), pp. 9-11.
Vasiliev et al. (2007), p. 10,13.
Vasiliev et al. (2013), pp. 10-12.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), p. 16.
Vasiliev et al. (2013), pp. 14-15.
Gillet et al. (1974), p. 23.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 46-47.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), p. 20.
Bentley & Koci (2007), p. 3.
Korotkevich (1978), pp. 3-4.
Peel et al. (1988), p. 131.
Langway & Chiang (1977), p. 155.
Langway & Herron (1977), p. 153.
Ueda & Talalay (2007), pp. 23-25.
Zagorodnov et al. (1998), p. 190.
Aristarain (1981), p. 372.
Peel et al. (2013), p. 247.
Gillet et al. (1984), p. 73.
Litwak et al. (1984), pp. 43-44.
Vasiliev et al. (2013), pp. 15-16.
Thwaites et al. (1984), p. 172.
Legrand & Mayewski (1997), p. 229.
Vasiliev et al. (2013), pp. 16-17.
Thompson et al. (1994), p. 423.
Peel & Mulvaney (1992), p. 432.
Etheridge et al. (1992), p. 284.
Thompson et al. (1994), p. 420.
Bentley & Koci (2007), p. 5.
Vasiliev et al. (2013), pp. 17-19.
Wagenbach et al. (1994), p. 310.
Abram et al. (2007), p. 3.
Pasteur et al. (1995), p. 170.
Morgan et al. (1997), p. 4.
Mulvaney et al. (2002), p. 46.
Bentley & Koci (2007), p. 4.
Hofstede et al. (2004), p. 279.
Zagorodnov et al. (2012), p. 675.
Goodwin et al. (2016), p. 2582.
Goodwin et al. (2016), p. 2593.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 37-39.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 26-29.
Holdsworth et al. (2004), p. 484.
Osterberg et al. (2014), p. 11191.
MacKinnon (1980), pp. 31-35.
Tschaen,, Revue XYZ, No 147, p69 (2016)
Langway, Oeschger & Dansgaard (1985), p. 3.
Bory et al. table 1a (2003)
Clausen, Gundestrup, Johnsen, Ann. Glac. 10 (1988)
Alley & Koci (1988), p. 1.
Johnsen et al. (1992), p. 313.
Mosley-Thompson et al. (2001), p.p. 33840-33841.
Lemark (2010),A study of the Flade Isblink ice cap using a simple ice flow model, M.Sc. thesis
Dahl-Jensen et al. (2016), p. 56.
Hansen, Lone Holm (2010-07-27). "Bedrock!!!". neem.dk. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
Rasmussen et al. (2013), p. 2713.
Dahl-Jensen et al. (2016), p. 54.
Benson (1984), pp. 61-62.
- Abram, Nerilie J.; Mulvaney, Robert; Wolff, Eric W.; Mudelsee, Manfred (2007). "Ice core records as sea ice proxies: An evaluation from the Weddell Sea region of Antarctica" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (D15): 1–13. Bibcode:2007JGRD..11215101A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.4635. doi:10.1029/2006JD008139.
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- Aristarain, A.J. (1981). "First glaciological studies on the James Ross Island ice cap, Antarctic peninsula" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 27 (97): 371–379. Bibcode:1981JGlac..27..371A. doi:10.1017/S0022143000011412. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
- Benson, Carl S. (1984). "Ice core drilling on Mt. Wrangell, Alaska 1982". In Holdsworth, G.; et al. (eds.). Ice Drilling Technology. Hanover, New Hampshire: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. pp. 61–68.
- Bentley, Charles R.; Koci, Bruce R. (2007). "Drilling to the beds of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets: a review". Annals of Glaciology. 47 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2007AnGla..47....1B. doi:10.3189/172756407786857695.
- Bird, I.G. (1976). "Thermal ice drilling: Australian developments and experience". In Splettstoesser, John F. (ed.). Ice-Core Drilling. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-0-8032-5843-3.
- Bory, A.J.; Biscaye, P.E.; Piotrowski, A.M.; Steffensen, J.P. (2003). "Regional variability of ice core dust composition and provenance in Greenland". Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4 (12): 1107. Bibcode:2003GGG.....4.1107B. doi:10.1029/2003GC000627. S2CID 129148230.
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- Etheridge, D.M.; et al. (1992). "Changes in tropospheric methane between 1841 and 1978 from a high-accumulation-rate Antarctic ice core". Tellus B. 44 (4): 282–294. Bibcode:1992TellB..44..282E. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-3-00006.x.
- Gillet, F.; et al. (1976). "A new electrothermal drill for coring in ice". In Splettstoesser, John F. (ed.). Ice-Core Drilling. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 19–27. ISBN 978-0-8032-5843-3.
- Gillet, F. (1984). "Ice core quality in electro-mechanical drilling". In Holdsworth, G.; et al. (eds.). Ice Drilling Technology. Hanover, New Hampshire: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. pp. 73–80.
- Goodwin, Bradley P.; Mosley-Thompson, Ellen; Wilson, Aaron B.; Porter, Stacy; Sierra-Hernandez, M. Roxana (1 April 2016). "Accumulation Variability in the Antarctic Peninsula: The Role of Large-Scale Atmospheric Oscillations and Their Interactions" (PDF). Journal of Climate. 29 (7): 2579–2596. Bibcode:2016JCli...29.2579G. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0354.1.
- Hofstede, Coen M.; et al. (2004). "Firn accumulation records for the past 1000 years on the basis of dielectric profiling of six cores from DronningMaud Land, Antarctica". Journal of Glaciology. 50 (169): 279–291. Bibcode:2004JGlac..50..279H. doi:10.3189/172756504781830169.
- Holdsworth, G. (1984). "The Canadian Rufli-Rand electro-mechanical core drill and reaming devices". In Holdsworth, G.; et al. (eds.). Ice Drilling Technology. Hanover, New Hampshire: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. pp. 21–32.
- Holdsworth, G. (2004). "Ice core climate signals from Mount Logan, Yukon A.D. 1700-1897". In Bradley, Raymond S.; Jones, Philip D. (eds.). Climate Since A.D. 1500 (reprint of 1995 2nd revised ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 483–504. ISBN 978-0-415-07593-0.
- Johnsen, S.J.; et al. (1992). "Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core". Nature. 359 (6393): 311–313. Bibcode:1992Natur.359..311J. doi:10.1038/359311a0. S2CID 4364364.
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- Kolobov, D.D.; Savatyugin, L.M. (October–December 1982). "Bottom sediments under the Novolazarevskiy ice shelf". Polar Geography and Geology. VI (4): 267–271. doi:10.1080/10889378209377176.
- Korotkevich, Ye S. (1978). "Skvoznoye burenie shelfovogo lednika v raione stantsii Novolazarevskoy" [Through drilling a shelf glacier in the region of Novolazarev Station]. Soviet Antarctic Expedition Bulletin. 98: 49–52.
- Langway, C.C. (May 1967). "Stratigraphic analysis of a deep ice core from Greenland". CRREL Research Reports. 77: 1–71.
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- Langway, Chester C.; Oeschger, H.; Dansgaard, W. (1985). "The Greenland Ice Sheet Program in Perspective". In Langway, Chester C.; Oeschger, H.; Dansgaard, W. (eds.). Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, geochemistry, and the environment. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-0875900575.
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- Mosley-Thompson, E.; McConnell, J.R.; Bales, R.C.; Li, Z.; Lin, P.-N.; Steffen, K.; Thompson, L.G.; Edwards, R.; Bathke, D. (27 December 2001). "Local to regional-scale variability of annual net accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet from PARCA cores". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (D24): 33839–33851. Bibcode:2001JGR...10633839M. doi:10.1029/2001JD900067.
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