List of Dutch cabinet formations

This is a list of Dutch cabinet formations. This includes attempts to form or continue with a cabinet after a cabinet crisis.

Expected parliamentary leaders meeting the day after the election to appoint a scout during the 2021–2022 cabinet formation.

In most cases, a cabinet formation is started after a general election after which a majority cabinet is sought. In some cases it results in a minority cabinet. After the fall of a cabinet, a new start can be made with part of the fallen cabinet. Then there may be a rump cabinet, which is also often a minority cabinet.

List

Formation	Start[lower-alpha 1]	End[lower-alpha 2]	Length (days)[lower-alpha 3]	Cabinet	Ref.
1848	16 March 1848	25 March 1848	10	Schimmelpenninck	[2]
				De Kempenaer-Donker Curtius[lower-alpha 4]
1849	19 September 1849	1 November 1849	44	Thorbecke I	[3]
1853	16 April 1853	19 April 1853	4	Van Hall/Donker Curtius	[4]
1856	1 June 1856	1 July 1856	47	Van der Brugghen	[5]
1858	3 March 1858	18 March 1858	16	Rochussen	[6]
1860	17 February 1860	23 February 1860	7	Van Hall/Van Heemstra	[7]
1861	16 February 1861	14 March 1861	27	Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra	[8]
1861–1862	18 December 1861[lower-alpha 5]	1 February 1862	46	Thorbecke II	[9]
Jan–Feb 1866	29 January 1866	10 February 1866	13	Fransen van de Putte	[10]
May–Jun 1866	24 May 1866	1 June 1866	9	Van Zuylen van Nijevelt	[11]
1868	17 April 1868	4 June 1868	49	Van Bosse/Fock	[12]
1870–1871	24 November 1870	4 January 1871	42	Thorbecke III	[13]
1872	25 June 1872	6 July 1872	12	De Vries/Fransen van de Putte	[14]
1874	14 July 1874	27 August 1874	45	Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg	[15]
1877	16 October 1877	3 November 1877	19	Kappeyne van de Coppello	[16]
1879	12 July 1879	20 August 1879	40	Van Lynden van Sandenburg	[17]
1882	10 May 1882	12 August 1882	95
1883	4 March 1883	23 April 1883	51	J. Heemskerk	[18]
1888	28 March 1888	21 April 1888	25	Mackay	[19][20]
1891	24 June 1891	21 August 1891	58	Van Tienhoven	[21]
1894	25 April 1894	9 May 1894	15	Röell	[22]
1897	26 June 1897	27 July 1897	32	Pierson	[23]
1901	28 June 1901	1 August 1901	35	Kuyper	[24][25]
1905	29 June 1905	17 August 1905	50	De Meester	[26]
1907	12 February 1907	21 March 1907	38
1907–1908	25 December 1907	12 February 1908	50	T. Heemskerk	[27][28]
1913	26 June 1913	29 August 1913	65	Cort van der Linden	[29]
1918	4 July 1918	9 September 1918	68	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I	[30][31]
1921	22 June 1921	26 July 1921	35		[30][32]
1922	6 July 1922	18 September 1922	75	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II	[33]
1923–1924	26 October 1923	7 January 1924	73
1925	2 July 1925	4 August 1925	34	Colijn I	[34]
1925–1926	24 November 1925	8 March 1926	105	De Geer I	[35]
1929	3 July 1929	10 August 1929	39	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III	[36]
1933	27 April 1933	26 May 1933	30	Colijn II	[37]
1935	26 July 1935	31 July 1935	6	Colijn III	[38]
1937	27 May 1937	24 June 1937	29	Colijn IV	[39]
Jun–Jul 1939	30 June 1939	25 July 1939	26	Colijn V	[40]
Aug 1939	4 August 1939	10 August 1939	7	De Geer II	[41]
1940	28 August 1940	3 September 1940	7	Gerbrandy I	[42]
1941	1 July 1941	27 July 1941	27	Gerbrandy II
Feb 1945	22 January 1945	23 February 1945	33	Gerbrandy III	[43]
May-Jun 1945	9 May 1945	24 June 1945	47	Schermerhorn-Drees	[44]
1946	18 May 1946	3 July 1946	47	Beel I	[45][46]
1948	8 July 1948	7 August 1948	31	Drees-Van Schaik	[47][48]
1951	29 January 1951	15 March 1951	44	Drees I	[49][50]
1952	26 June 1952	2 September 1952	69	Drees II	[51][52]
1955	18 May 1955	3 June 1955	17		[53]
1956	14 June 1956	13 October 1956	121	Drees III	[54][55]
1958	13 December 1958	22 December 1958	10	Beel II [lower-alpha 6]	[56][57]
1959	13 March 1959	19 May 1959	67	De Quay	[58][59]
1960–1961	24 December 1960	2 January 1961	10		[60]
1963	16 May 1963	24 July 1963	70	Marijnen	[61][62]
1965	28 February 1965	14 April 1965	46	Cals	[63][64]
1966	18 October 1966	22 November 1966	35	Zijlstra[lower-alpha 6]	[65][66]
1967	16 February 1967	5 April 1967	49	De Jong	[67][68]
1971	29 April 1971	6 July 1971	69	Biesheuvel I	[69][70]
1972	19 July 1972	9 August 1972	11	Biesheuvel II[lower-alpha 6]	[71][72]
1972–1973	30 November 1972	11 May 1973	163	Den Uyl	[73][74]
1977	26 May 1977	19 December 1977	208	Van Agt I	[75][76]
1981	27 May 1981	11 September 1981	108	Van Agt II	[77][78]
	16 October 1981	4 November 1981	19
May–Jun 1982	14 May 1982	29 May 1982	17	Van Agt III[lower-alpha 6]	[79][80]
Sep–Nov 1982	9 September 1982	4 November 1982	57	Lubbers I	[81][82]
1986	22 May 1986	14 July 1986	54	Lubbers II	[83][84]
1989	7 September 1989	7 November 1989	62	Lubbers III	[85][86]
1994	4 May 1994	22 August 1994	111	Kok I	[87][88]
1998	6 May 1998	3 August 1998	89	Kok II	[89][90]
1999	20 May 1999	8 June 1999	20		[91][92]
2002	16 May 2002	22 July 2002	68	Balkenende I	[93][94]
2003	23 January 2003	27 May 2003	122	Balkenende II	[95][96]
2006	30 June 2006	7 July 2006	7	Balkenende III[lower-alpha 6]	[97]
2006–2007	23 November 2006	22 February 2007	90	Balkenende IV	[98][99]
2010	10 June 2010	14 October 2010	127	Rutte I	[100][101]
2012	13 September 2012	5 November 2012	54	Rutte II	[102][103]
2017	16 March 2017	26 October 2017	225	Rutte III	[104][105]
2021–2022	18 March 2021	10 January 2022	299	Rutte IV	[1][106]
2023–2024	23 November 2023	2 July 2024	223	Schoof	[107]

See also

• List of cabinets of the Netherlands
• List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts

Notes

1. In the case of a regular cabinet formation, it is the day after the elections. In other cases, it is generally the day after a cabinet requested dismissal.
2. In the case of cabinet formations that lead to a new cabinet, this is the day when the new cabinet is sworn in.
3. Calculated from the day after the general elections until the day when the cabinet is sworn in.^[1] Not all sources use the same starting point.
4. The De Kempenaer-Donker Curtius cabinet succeeded the preceding cabinet in 1848 without a cabinet formation.
5. The Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra cabinet resigned on 17 December 1861.
6. Rump cabinet.

Citations

1. "Kabinetsformatie 2021-2022" [Cabinet formation 2021-2022]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
2. "Kabinetten-Schimmelpenninck en -Donker Curtius (1848)" [Cabinets Schimmelpennick and Donker Curtius (1848)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
3. "Kabinet-Thorbecke I (1849-1853)" [Cabinet Thorkecke I (1849-1853)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
4. "Kabinet-Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856)" [Cabinet Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
5. "Kabinet-Van der Brugghen (1856-1858)" [Cabinet Van der Brugghen (1856-1858)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
6. "Kabinet-Rochussen (1858-1860)" [Cabinet Rochussen (1858-1860)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
7. "Kabinet-Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861)" [Cabinet Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
8. "Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862)" [Cabinet Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
9. "Kabinet-Thorbecke II (1862-1866)" [Cabinet Thorbecke II (1862-1866)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
10. "Kabinet-Fransen van de Putte (1866)" [Cabinet Fransen van de Putte (1866)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
11. "Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868)" [Cabinet Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
12. "Kabinet-Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871)" [Cabinet Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
13. "Kabinet-Thorbecke III (1871-1872)" [Cabinet Thorbecke III (1871-1872)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
14. "Kabinet-De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874)" [Cabinet De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
15. "Kabinet-Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877)" [Cabinet Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
16. "Kabinet-Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879)" [Cabinet Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
17. "Kabinet-Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883)" [Cabinet Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
18. "Kabinet-Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888)" [Cabinet Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
19. "Kabinet-Mackay (1888-1891)" [Cabinet Mackay (1888-1891)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
20. Westenbroek, A.J.M. (1976). "De kabinetsformatie Mackay 1888 II" [The cabinet formation Mackay 1888 II] (PDF). Anti-Revolutionaire Staatkunde (in Dutch). Dr. Abraham Kuyperstichting. pp. 262–273. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
21. "Kabinet-Van Tienhoven (1891-1894)" [Cabinet Van Tienhoven (1891-1894)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
22. "Kabinet-Röell (1894-1897)" [Cabinet Röell (1894-1897)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
23. "Kabinet-Pierson (1897-1901)" [Cabinet Pierson (1897-1901)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
24. "Kabinet-Kuyper (1901-1905)" [Cabinet Kuyper (1901-1905)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
25. De Bruijn, Jan (2001). 'Kuyper ist ein Luegner' (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Historisch Documentatiecentrum voor het Nederlands Protestantisme. ISBN 9072319168.
26. "Kabinet-De Meester (1905-1908)" [Cabinet De Meester (1905-1908)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
27. "Kabinet-Heemskerk (1908-1913)" [Cabinet Heemskerk (1908-1913)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
28. De Bruijn, Jan (2012). Wilhelmina formeert (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 9789461053008.
29. "Kabinet-Cort van der Linden (1913-1918)" [Cabinet Cort van der Linden (1913-1918)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
30. "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922)" [Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
31. Puchinger 1970, pp. 27–141.
32. Puchinger 1970, pp. 165–199.
33. "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925)" [Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
34. "Kabinet-Colijn I (1925-1926)" [Cabinet Colijn I (1925-1926)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
35. "Kabinet-De Geer I (1926-1929)" [Cabinet De Geer I (1926-1929)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
36. "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933)" [Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
37. "Kabinet-Colijn II (1933-1935)" [Cabinet Colijn II (1933-1935)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
38. "Kabinet-Colijn III (1935-1937)" [Cabinet Colijn III (1935-1937)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
39. "Kabinet-Colijn IV (1937-1939)" [Cabinet Colijn IV (1937-1939)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
40. "Kabinet-Colijn V (1939)" [Cabinet Colijn V (1939)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
41. "Kabinet-De Geer II (1939-1940)" [Cabinet De Geer II (1939-1940)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
42. "Kabinet-Gerbrandy I en II (1940-1945)" [Cabinet Gerbrandy I and II (1940-1945)]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
43. "Kabinet-Gerbrandy III (1945)" [Cabinet Gerbrandy I (1945)]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
44. "Kabinetsformatie 1945" [Cabinet formation 1945]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
45. "Kabinetsformatie 1946" [Cabinet formation 1946]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
46. Duynstee 1966, pp. 1–4.
47. "Kabinetsformatie 1948" [Cabinet formation 1948]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
48. Duynstee 1966, pp. 16–24.
49. "Kabinetsformatie 1951" [Cabinet formation 1951]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
50. Duynstee 1966, pp. 36–52.
51. "Kabinetsformatie 1952" [Cabinet formation 1952]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 February 2024.
52. Duynstee 1966, pp. 54–72.
53. Duynstee 1966, pp. 75–84.
54. "Kabinetsformatie 1956" [Cabinet formation 1956]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
55. Duynstee 1966, pp. 86–159.
56. "Kabinetsformatie 1958" [Cabinet formation 1958]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
57. Duynstee 1966, pp. 199–208.
58. "Kabinetsformatie 1959" [Cabinet formation 1959]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
59. Duynstee 1966, pp. 209–234.
60. Duynstee 1966, pp. 246–254.
61. "Kabinetsformatie 1963" [Cabinet formation 1963]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
62. Duynstee 1966, pp. 276–329.
63. "Kabinetsformatie 1965" [Cabinet formation 1965]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
64. Duynstee 1966, pp. 360–432.
65. "Kabinetsformatie 1966" [Cabinet formation 1966]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
66. Maas 1982, pp. 184–206.
67. "Kabinetsformatie 1967" [Cabinet formation 1967]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
68. Maas 1982, pp. 207–250.
69. "Kabinetsformatie 1971" [Cabinet formation 1971]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
70. Maas 1982, pp. 256–281.
71. "Kabinetsformatie 1972" [Cabinet formation 1972]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
72. Maas 1982, pp. 299–318.
73. "Kabinetsformatie 1972-1973" [Cabinet formation 1972-1973]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
74. Maas 1982, pp. 319–368.
75. "Kabinetsformatie 1977" [Cabinet formation 1977]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
76. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 11–80.
77. "Kabinetsformatie 1981" [Cabinet formation 1981]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
78. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 81–114.
79. "Kabinetsformatie juni 1982 (zomerkabinetje)" [Cabinet formation June 1982 (summer cabinet)]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
80. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 115–128.
81. "Kabinetsformatie 1982" [Cabinet formation 1982]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
82. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 129–160.
83. "Kabinetsformatie 1986" [Cabinet formation 1986]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
84. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 161–190.
85. "Kabinetsformatie 1989" [Cabinet formation 1989]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
86. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 191–220.
87. "Kabinetsformatie 1994" [Cabinet formation 1994]. parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 August 2023.
88. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 221–266.
89. "Kabinetsformatie 1998" [Cabinet formation 1998]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
90. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 267–302.
91. "Kabinetscrisis 1999: de Nacht van Wiegel" [Cabinet crisis 1999: the Night of Wiegel]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
92. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 303–318.
93. "Kabinetsformatie 2002" [Cabinet formation 2002]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
94. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 319–348.
95. "Kabinetsformatie 2003" [Cabinet formation 2003]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
96. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 349–388.
97. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 389–402.
98. "Kabinetsformatie 2006-2007" [Cabinet formation 2006-2007]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
99. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 403–446.
100. "Kabinetsformatie 2010" [Cabinet formation 2010]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
101. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 447–510.
102. "Kabinetsformatie 2012" [Cabinet formation 2012]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
103. Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 511–524.
104. "Kabinetsformatie 2017" [Cabinet formation 2017]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
105. Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (2018-12-06). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 [Evaluation Cabinet formation 2017] (PDF). Den Haag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
106. Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander; Bovend'Eert, Paul; Van Twist, Mark (21 February 2023). Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2021/22 (PDF) (in Dutch). Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
107. "Kabinetsformatie 2023-2024" [Cabinet formation 2023-2024]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 December 2023.

References

• Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander, eds. (2016). Kabinetsformaties 1977-2012 [Cabinet formations 1977-2012] (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 9789461054661.
• Duynstee, Frans (1966). De kabinetsformaties 1946-1965 [The cabinet formations 1946-1965] (PDF) (in Dutch). Deventer: Æ. E. Kluwer. OCLC 220593429.
• Maas, Petrus Franciscus (1982). Kabinetsformaties 1959-1973 [Cabinet formations 1959-1973] (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij. ISBN 9789012039987.
• Puchinger, G. (1970). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie I. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1918-1924 [Colijn and the end of the coalition I. The history of cabinet formations 1918-1924] (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN 9789024215386.
• —————— (1980). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie II. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1925-1929 [Colijn and the end of the coalition II. The history of cabinet formations 1925-1929] (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN 9024203112.
• —————— (1993). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie III. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1933-1939 [Colijn and the end of the coalition III. The history of cabinet formations 1933-1939] (in Dutch). Leiden: J.J. Groen en zoon. ISBN 9050303560.