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Ripuarian dialect From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj plat [ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt][tone?] or simply Kirchröadsj, literally 'Kerkradish', Limburgish: Kirkräödsj [ˈkɪʀ(ə)kˌʀœːtʃ],[tone?] Standard Dutch: Kerkraads, Standard German: (die) Mundart von Kerkrade[3] meaning (the) dialect of Kerkrade) is a Ripuarian dialect spoken in Kerkrade and its surroundings, including Herzogenrath in Germany.[1] It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people in Kerkrade is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.[4][5]
![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Colognian. (August 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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![]() | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (June 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Kerkrade dialect | |
---|---|
Kirchröadsj plat | |
Pronunciation | [ˈkeʁəçˌʁœətʃ ˈplɑt][tone?] |
Native to | Netherlands, Germany |
Region | Kerkrade, Herzogenrath[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
The name Ripuarisch is strictly a scientific term on both sides of the border. Especially on the Dutch side of the border, the speakers of the Kerkrade dialect consider it to be a Limburgish dialect (see Southeast Limburgish dialect) and call it Limburgsj [ˈlembøʁəçʃ][tone?] ('Limburgish'), Kirchröadsj ('Kerkradish') or simply plat ('dialect').[citation needed]
There are three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The corresponding definite articles are d'r /dər/, de /də/ and 't /ət/. The plural form takes the feminine article de regardless of the gender.[6]
The plural form of nouns is formed with by adding ⟨-e⟩, ⟨-er⟩ or ⟨-s⟩ to the stem or by umlauting. Examples: sjtrief /ˈʃtriːf/ - sjtriefe /ˈʃtriːfə/, hats /ˈɦats/ - hatser /ˈɦatsər/, plavong /plaːˈvɔŋ/[tone?] - plavongs /plaːˈvɔŋs/,[tone?] pansj /ˈpanʃ/[tone?] - pensj /ˈpɛnʃ/.[tone?][7]
The plural form can also be differentiated from the singular by tone, as in 't peëd /ət ˈpéət/ - de peëd /də ˈpeət/. This can be combined with other differences, such as umlaut: sjtórm /ˈʃtórəm/ - sjturm /ˈʃtørəm/.[8]
As in German, the plural form can be unmarked: eëpel - eëpel.[9]
The ending ⟨-er⟩ is used mainly for neuter nouns.[6]
The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard High German, a language formerly used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.[10]
An example sentence:
Variety | Spelling | IPA | |
---|---|---|---|
Kerkrade dialect | Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame.[11] |
[jod ˈɛːsə ʔæn ˈdʁeŋkə ˈɦelt ˈliːv æn ˈziəl tsəˈzaːmə][tone?] | |
Kölsch (the largest Ripuarian variety) | Jod esse un drinke hält Liev un Siel zesamme. | ||
Standard High German | Gut essen und trinken hält Leib und Seele zusammen. | [ɡuːt ˈʔɛsn̩ ʔʊnt ˈdʁɪŋkŋ̍ hɛlt ˈlaɪp ʔʊnt ˈzeːlə tsuˈzamən] | |
Standard Dutch | Communicative translation | Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond.[11] | [ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌudə ˈmɛns xəˈzɔnt] |
Literal translation | Goed eten en drinken houdt lichaam en ziel samen. | [ɣut ˈeːtə(n) ɛn ˈdrɪŋkə(n) ˈɦʌut ˈlɪxaːm ɛn ˈzil ˈsaːmə(n)] | |
English | Communicative translation | Eating and drinking well keeps one healthy. | /ˈiːtɪŋ ən ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈwɛl ˈkiːps wʌn ˈhɛlθi/ |
Literal translation | Eating and drinking well keeps the body and soul together. | /ˈiːtɪŋ ən ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ ˈwɛl ˈkiːps ðə ˈbɒdi ən ˈsoʊl təˈɡɛðər/ |
This example sentence illustrates both the High German consonant shift (èse, tsezame) and the [ɣ] → [j] shift (jód).
As most other Ripuarian and Limburgish dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features a distinction between the thrusting tone (Dutch: stoottoon, German: Schärfung or Stoßton), which has a shortening effect on the syllable (not shown in transcriptions in this article) and the slurring tone (Dutch: sleeptoon, German: Schleifton). In this article, the slurring tone is transcribed as a high tone, whereas the thrusting tone is left unmarked. This is nothing more than a convention, as the phonetics of the Kerkrade pitch accent are severely under-researched. There are minimal pairs, for example moer /ˈmuːr/ 'wall' - moer /ˈmúːr/ 'carrot'.[12][13]
The spelling presented here, which is to a large extent Dutch-based is used in Kirchröadsjer dieksiejoneer, the only dictionary of the Kerkrade dialect. There is no official German-based orthography.
a | b | d | e | è | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | ö | p | r | s | t | u | ü | v | w | z |
Furthermore, there is ⟨ë⟩, which never appears as a separate letter, but only in the centering diphthongs ⟨eë⟩, ⟨ieë⟩ and ⟨oeë⟩ (phonetically /eə/, /iə/ and /uə/). However, only half of the centering diphthongs are spelled this way; the remaining /yə/, /œə/ and /oə/ are spelled ⟨üe⟩, ⟨öa⟩ and ⟨oa⟩. In other dialects and regional languages of the Netherlands, ⟨oa⟩ is sometimes used for the long open /ɔː/, which is always spelled ⟨ao⟩ in this orthography.
As the orthography is Dutch-based, it does not make use of the Eszett ⟨ß⟩, which is extensively used on the other side of the border. It represents the phoneme /s/. In turn, German-based orthographies use ⟨s⟩ for the /z/ sound, whereas ⟨z⟩ is restricted for the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/, though it can also be spelled ⟨tz⟩. Furthermore, the letter ⟨ä⟩ found in those orthographies is also not used. It stands for either /ɛ/ or /ɛː/ in German-based orthographies.
In this orthography, /s/ is spelled ⟨s⟩, /z/ is spelled ⟨z⟩ (although ⟨s⟩ is used in the stem-final position), /ts/ is spelled ⟨ts⟩, /ɛ/ is spelled ⟨e⟩, whereas /ɛː/ is spelled ⟨è⟩ (rather than ⟨ae⟩, which is a common spelling in Dutch-based orthographies of Limburgish).
The orthography is highly phonemic, with the exception of the spelling of /ɡ, v, z, ɣ, ʒ/ which, for the most part, are spelled phonetically. As in Limburgish, Swedish and Norwegian, stress and tone are not marked, blurring the distinction between /eː/ and /ə/ in open syllables and between /ɛ/ and /ə/ in closed syllables, where the distinction between the short /i, u/ on the one hand and the long /iː, uː/ on the other is also blurred. The grapheme-phoneme correspondence is as follows:
Spelling | Phoneme | Realization | Example words |
---|---|---|---|
a[lower-alpha 1] | /a/ | [ɑ] | bakke |
/aː/ | [aː] | jape | |
aa[lower-alpha 1] | kaat, sjaa | ||
ai | /aɪ/ | [aɪ] | fain |
ao | /ɔː/ | [ɔː] | kaod |
auw | /aʊ/ | [aʊ] | kauw |
äo | /œː/ | [œː] | kräoche |
äu | /ɔɪ/ | [ɔɪ] | vräud |
b | /b/[lower-alpha 2] | [b] | |
[p] | |||
ch | /x/[lower-alpha 2] | [ç] | |
[χ] | maache | ||
[j] | |||
[ʁ] | |||
d | /d/[lower-alpha 2] | [d] | |
[t] | |||
dz | /dz/ | [dz] | ködzele |
dzj | /dʒ/ | [dʒ] | pieëdzje |
e[lower-alpha 1] | /ɛ/ | [ɛ] | sjtek |
[æ][lower-alpha 3] | |||
/ə/ | [ə] | oavend | |
/eː/ | [eː] | dene | |
ee[lower-alpha 1] | deer | ||
eë | /eə/ | [eə] | keëts |
ei[lower-alpha 4] | /ɛɪ/ | [ɛɪ] | knei |
ij[lower-alpha 4] | jekkerij | ||
eu | /øː/ | [øː] | meun |
è | /ɛː/ | [ɛː] | nès |
f | /f/[lower-alpha 2] | [f] | |
[v] | |||
/v/[lower-alpha 2] | [f] | wief | |
g | /ɣ/[lower-alpha 2] | [ʁ] | |
[j] | zeëgblad | ||
[χ] | |||
[ç] | zeëg | ||
gk | /ɡ/[lower-alpha 2] | [ɡ] | herregke |
h | /ɦ/[lower-alpha 5] | [ɦ] | |
i[lower-alpha 1] | /e/ | [e] | rikke |
ie | /i/ | [i] | |
/iː/ | [iː] | ||
ieë | /iə/ | [iə] | |
j | /j/[lower-alpha 2] | [j] | jód |
/ɣ/[lower-alpha 2] | zeëje | ||
k | /k/[lower-alpha 2] | [k] | |
[ɡ] | |||
/ɡ/[lower-alpha 2] | [k] | herrek | |
l | /l/ | [l] | |
m | /m/ | [m][lower-alpha 6] | |
[ɱ][lower-alpha 6] | |||
n | /n/[lower-alpha 6] | [n] | |
[m][lower-alpha 6] | |||
[ɱ][lower-alpha 6] | |||
[ŋ][lower-alpha 6] | |||
ng[lower-alpha 5] | /ŋ/ | ||
o[lower-alpha 1] | /ɔ/ | [ɔ] | |
/oː/ | [oː] | ||
oa | /oə/ | [oə] | |
oe | /u/ | [u] | |
/uː/ | [uː] | ||
oeë | /uə/ | [uə] | |
oo[lower-alpha 1] | /oː/ | [oː] | |
ouw | /ɔʊ/ | [ɔʊ] | |
ó[lower-alpha 1] | /o/ | [o] | |
ö[lower-alpha 1] | /œ/ | [œ] | |
öa | /œə/ | [œə] | |
p | /p/[lower-alpha 2] | [p] | |
[b] | |||
r | /r/[lower-alpha 2] | [ʁ] | |
s | /s/[lower-alpha 2] | [s] | |
[z] | |||
/z/[lower-alpha 2] | [s] | ||
sj | /ʃ/[lower-alpha 2] | [ʃ] | |
[ʒ] | |||
/ʒ/[lower-alpha 2] | [ʃ] | ||
t | /t/[lower-alpha 2] | [t] | |
[d] | |||
ts | /ts/[lower-alpha 2] | [ts] | |
[dz] | |||
tsj | /tʃ/[lower-alpha 2] | [tʃ] | |
u[lower-alpha 1] | /ø/ | [ø] | |
/yː/ | [yː] | ||
uu[lower-alpha 1] | |||
ui | /œʏ/ | [œʏ] | |
ü[lower-alpha 1] | /y/ | [y] | |
üe | /yə/ | [yə] | |
v | /v/[lower-alpha 2] | [v] | wieve |
[f] | |||
w | /β/ | [β] | |
z | /z/[lower-alpha 2] | [z] | |
[s] | |||
zj | /ʒ/[lower-alpha 2] | [ʒ] |
The most similar other Ripuarian dialects are those of Bocholtz, Vaals and Aachen.
A distinct East Limburgish dialect called Egelzer plat is spoken in Eygelshoven, in the north of the Kerkrade municipality. The biggest differences between the two is the presence of the High German consonant shift in the Kerkrade dialect as well the pronunciation of the sound written ⟨g⟩ in Limburgish; in Eygelshoven, it is pronounced as in Limburgish and (southern) standard Dutch (as a voiced velar fricative), whereas in the Kerkrade dialect it is pronounced as in Colognian, as a palatal approximant (where it is spelled ⟨j⟩), except after back vowels where it is rhotacized to a voiced uvular fricative, resulting in a phonetic merger with /r/.