Johannes Thiele (chemist)

Friedrich Karl Johannes Thiele (May 13, 1865 – April 17, 1918) was a German chemist and a prominent professor at several universities, including those in Munich and Strasbourg. He developed many laboratory techniques related to isolation of organic compounds. In 1907 he described a device for the accurate determination of melting points,^[2] since named Thiele tube after him.^[3]

Friedrich Karl Johannes Thiele
Born	(1865-05-13)May 13, 1865 Ratibor, Prussia, now Racibórz, Poland
Died	April 17, 1918(1918-04-17) (aged 52) Straßburg, German Empire, now Strasbourg, France
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Halle
Known for	Thiele tube
Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry
Institutions	University of Munich, University of Straßburg
Doctoral advisor	Jacob Volhard
Doctoral students	Heinrich Otto Wieland, Jakob Meisenheimer, Hermann Staudinger, Otto Dimroth, Sir Robert H. Pickard[1]

Thiele was born in Ratibor, Prussia, now Racibórz, Poland.^[4] Thiele studied mathematics at the University of Breslau but later turned to chemistry, receiving his doctorate from Halle in 1890 . He taught at the University of Munich from 1893 to 1902, when he was appointed professor of chemistry at Strasbourg.^[5]

He developed the preparation of glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone).^[6]

After Kekulé's proposal for benzene structure in 1865, Thiele suggested a "Partial Valence Hypothesis", which concerned double and triple carbon-carbon bonds with which he explains their particular reactivity. In 1899 this led to the prediction of the resonance that existed in benzene, and he proposed a resonance structure, by using a broken circle to represent the partial bonds.^[7] Later this problem was completely solved with the advent of quantum theory.

In 1899, Thiele was head of Organic Chemistry at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich. With his associate Otto Holzinger, he synthesised an iminodibenzyl nucleus: two benzene rings attached together by a nitrogen atom and an ethylene bridge.^[8]

He discovered the condensation of ketones and aldehydes with cyclopentadiene as a route to fulvenes. He also recognized that these deeply colored species were related to but isomeric with benzene derivatives.^[9]

According to one of his students Heinrich Otto Wieland, Thiele had a dislike of the chemistry of natural products.^[10]

References

1. Aftalion, Fred (1991). A history of the international chemical industry. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-8207-8.
2. Thiele, Johannes (1907-01-01). "Ein neuer Apparat zur Schmelzpunktsbestimmung". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 40 (1): 996–997. doi:10.1002/cber.190704001148. ISSN 1099-0682.
3. "Johannes Thiele". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 31 (49): 117–118. 1918. Bibcode:1918AngCh..31..117.. doi:10.1002/ange.19180314901.
4. Fritz Straus (1927). "Obituary: Johannes Thiele (1865-1918)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 60 (6): A75–A132. doi:10.1002/cber.19270600633.
5. Thiele, Friedrich Karl Johannes (1999). A Dictionary of Scientists. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192800862.
6. Freedlander, B.L.; French, Frederic A. (1958). "Carcinostatic Action of Polycarbonyl Compounds and Their Derivatives II. Glyoxal Bis(Guanylhydrazone) and Derivatives" (PDF). Cancer Res. 18 (3): 360–363. PMID 13523604.
7. Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie,306: 87-142; see: "VIII. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Das Benzol." (VIII. The aromatic compounds. Benzene.), pages 125-129.
8. Shorter, Edward (2005). A historical dictionary of psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517668-1.
9. Thiele, J. (1900). "Ueber Ketonreactionen bei dem Cyclopentadiën". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 33 (1): 666–673. doi:10.1002/cber.190003301113.
10. Bynum, Ed. W. F.; Porter, Roy, eds. (2006). "Friedrich Karl Johannes Thiele". The Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861443-2.