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Language family spoken in Peru and Ecuador From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (Hívaro, Jívaro, Jibaro) is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador.
Chicham | |
---|---|
Jibaroan | |
Geographic distribution | Peru |
Linguistic classification | Macro-Jibaro ?
|
Subdivisions | |
Language codes | |
Glottolog | jiva1245 |
Chicham (violet) and Cahuapanan (pink) languages. Spots are documented locations, shadowed areas probable extension in 16th century. |
Chicham consists of four languages:
This language family is spoken in Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador.
Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950):[1]
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[2]
(† = extinct)
The extinct Palta language was classified as Chicham by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed by Čestmír Loukotka. However, only a few words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".
The most promising external connections are with the Cahuapanan languages and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously called Jívaro-Cahuapana (Hívaro-Kawapánan) (Jorge Suárez and others) or Macro-Jibaro or Macro-Andean (Morris Swadesh and others, with Cahuapanan, Urarina, Puelche, and maybe Huarpe).
The unclassified language Candoshi has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives.
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Quechuan, Kwaza, Taruma, Yanomami, Katukina-Katawixi, Kandoshi, Tupi, and Arawan language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region.[2]
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages.[3]
gloss | Palta | Shuara | Huambisa | Achual | Gualaquiza | Upano | Aguaruna |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
one | chikichik | akítsik | tikichi | shikitiki | tikídyi | ||
two | xímer | hímer | ximára | himiːra | hima | ||
three | manéndiuk | kombaːtã | kahvaton | minendu | kampátu | ||
head | múga | mók | mugwá | múka | mók | ||
ear | kuísh | kuíshi | kuísh | kweche | kuishi | kuwísh | |
tooth | nér | náyi | nai | inai | ñái | ||
man | nuna | aíshmanu | ashmang | aíshmang | ashmano | aishmano | aíshmo |
water | yuma | yumi | yumi | yumi | yume | yumé | yúmi |
fire | kapal | xi | hí | xi | hi | hí | |
sun | atsa | átsa | itsã | ítsa | étsa | itsã | |
maize | xeme | shaʔa | sha | sha | shaya | sha | |
house | héa | hía | hía | xéa | yéa | hína |
Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra.
For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see the corresponding Spanish article.
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