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Dutch painter From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jacob Vrel (fl. 1654–c.1670)[1] was a Dutch, Flemish, or Westphalian painter of interiors and urban street scenes during the Dutch Golden Age (1588–1672). He was likely most active from 1654 to 1662.[2]
Jacob Vrel is also referred to as Jan instead of Jacob(us); alternative spellings of his surname are Frel, Frelle, Vreele, Vrelle, and Vriel.[3] Though Vrel's birthplace is unknown, scholars consider him a Dutch artist.[2]
The lack of biographical information and challenging visual evidence has led scholars like Elizabeth Honig to call him "the most entirely elusive painter of 17th century Holland."[4]
Despite the many architectural elements, bread products or clothing of the figures in his paintings, art historians are unable to assign most of Vrel's street scenes to any particular city or region. Vrel is thought to have composed them mostly from imagination.[5] As of 2021, two experts have recognized streets and buildings of the Dutch city of Zwolle, not far from the German border in three pictures.[6]: 30 [7]
According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Dutch RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis), Vrel was a member of the same "school" or artistic style as Pieter de Hooch, showing simple intimate scenes of daily life in towns, often including studies in perspective. Though no evidence for a specific "school" exists, the center of influence seems to have been in the artistic centers of Haarlem and Delft, for artists born during the years 1620–1630. The painters listed by the RKD in this category are Esaias Boursse, Hendrick van der Burgh, Pieter de Hooch, Pieter Janssens Elinga, Cornelis de Man, Hendrick ten Oever, and Jacob Vrel.[8]
Vrel's works are sometimes confused with those by Esaias Boursse[3] or Pieter de Hooch.[9] Vrel painted without glazes.[10] He often painted his signature on a strip of paper or cloth in his painting, reminiscent of European medieval banners or scrolls.[6] At least half of the pictures by Vrel contain signatures altered to read "Johannes Vermeer" or "Pieter de Hooch."[1]
A range between thirty-eight[11] and forty[12] paintings have been attributed to Vrel before the 2021 catalogue raisonne, which names forty-nine.[13]
The following public collections contain Vrel´s work in their permanent holdings:
A retrospective exhibition curated by Berndt Ebert of the Alte Pinakothek was to open in late 2020,[15] combined printed exhibition catalog and catalogue raisonné by Ebert, Cécile Tainturier and Quentin Buvelot.in 2021.[16] Because of the coronavirus pandemic, the monographic exhibition on Vrel was rescheduled to be shown in 2023 at the Mauritshuis in The Hague,[17][18] and then at the Fondation Custodia in Paris.
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