Impressionism in music

Not to be confused with expressionist music, which has different characteristics from this type of music.

This article is about the musical movement and style. For the visual art movement, see Impressionism. For other uses, see Impressionism (disambiguation).

Impressionism in music was a movement among various composers in Western classical music (mainly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries) whose music focuses on mood and atmosphere, "conveying the moods and emotions aroused by the subject rather than a detailed tone‐picture".^[1] "Impressionism" is a philosophical and aesthetic term borrowed from late 19th-century French painting after Monet's Impression, Sunrise. Composers were labeled Impressionists by analogy to the Impressionist painters who use starkly contrasting colors, effect of light on an object, blurry foreground and background, flattening perspective, etc. to make the observer focus their attention on the overall impression.^[2]

The most prominent feature in musical Impressionism is the use of "color", or in musical terms, timbre, which can be achieved through orchestration, harmonic usage, texture, etc.^[3] Other elements of musical Impressionism also involve new chord combinations, ambiguous tonality, extended harmonies, use of modes and exotic scales, parallel motion, extra-musicality, and evocative titles such as “Reflets dans l'eau” (“Reflections on the water”), “Brouillards” (“Mists”), etc.^[2]

History

Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are two leading figures in Impressionism, though Debussy rejected this label (in a 1908 letter he wrote "imbeciles call [what I am trying to write in Images] 'impressionism', a term employed with the utmost inaccuracy, especially by art critics who use it as a label to stick on Turner, the finest creator of mystery in the whole of art!") and Ravel displayed discomfort with it, at one point claiming that it could not be adequately applied to music at all.^[4][5] Debussy's Impressionist works typically "evoke a mood, feeling, atmosphere, or scene" by creating musical images through characteristic motifs, harmony, exotic scales (e.g., whole-tone and pentatonic scales), instrumental timbre, large unresolved chords (e.g., 9ths, 11ths, 13ths), parallel motion, ambiguous tonality, extreme chromaticism, heavy use of the piano pedals, and other elements.^[2] “The perception of Debussy’s compositional language as decidedly post-romantic/Impressionistic—nuanced, understated, and subtle—is firmly solidified among today’s musicians and well-informed audiences."^[6] Some Impressionist composers, Debussy and Ravel in particular, are also labeled as symbolist composers. One trait shared with both aesthetic trends is "a sense of detached observation: rather than expressing deeply felt emotion or telling a story"; as in symbolist poetry, the normal syntax is usually disrupted and individual images that carry the work's meaning are evoked.^[2]

In 1912, the French composer Ernest Fanelli (1860–1917) received significant attention and coverage in the Parisian press following a performance of a symphonic poem he wrote in 1886, titled Thèbes,^[7] incorporating elements associated with Impressionism, such as extended chords and whole-tone scales.^[8] Ravel was unimpressed by Fanelli's novelties, maintaining that these were already utilized by past composers such as Franz Liszt.^[9]: 36 He also opined that Fanelli's Impressionism stemmed from Hector Berlioz rather than Liszt or Russian composers.^[10]

Other composers linked to Impressionism include Lili Boulanger,^[11][12] Isaac Albéniz,^[13] Frederick Delius,^[14] Paul Dukas,^[13] Alexander Scriabin,^[15] Manuel de Falla,^[13] John Alden Carpenter,^[13] Ottorino Respighi, Albert Roussel, Karol Szymanowski, Charles Tomlinson Griffes, and Federico Mompou.^[13] The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius is also associated with Impressionism,^[14] and his tone poem The Swan of Tuonela (1893) predates Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (regarded as a seminal work of musical Impressionism) by a year.^[14] The American composer Howard Hanson also borrowed from both Sibelius and Impressionism generally in works such as his Second Symphony.^[14]

Characteristics

One of the most important tools of musical Impressionism was the tensionless harmony. The dissonance of chords was not resolved, but was used as timbre. These chords were often shifted parallel. In the melodic field the whole tone scale, the pentatonic and church tonal turns were used. The melodics were characterized by their circular melodic movements. The timbre became the stylistic device of Impressionism instead of concise themes or other traditional forms.^{[16][better source needed]}

See also

• History of music

References

1. Michael Kennedy, "Impressionism", The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revised, Joyce Bourne, associate editor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). ISBN 978-0-19-861459-3.
2. J. Peter Burkholder, Donald Jay Grout and Claude V. Palisca, A History of Western Music, eighth edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010). ISBN 978-0-393-93280-5. ^{[page needed]}
3. Nolan Gasser, "Impressionism". Classical Archives. Accessed 9 November 2011.
4. Maurice Ravel, A Ravel Reader: Correspondence, Articles, Interviews, compiled and edited by Arbie Orenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990): p. 421. ISBN 978-0-231-04962-7. Unaltered paperback reprint (Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2003), ISBN 978-0-486-43078-2.
5. François Lesure and Roger Nichols, Debussy Letters (Harvard University Press, 1987): p. 188. ISBN 978-0-674-19429-8
6. de Médicis, François; Huebner, Steven, eds. (2018-12-31). Debussy's Resonance. doi:10.1017/9781787442528. ISBN 978-1-78744-252-8. S2CID 239438810.
7. Calvocoressi, M. D. (1912). "An Unknown Composer of To-Day: M. Ernest Fanelli". The Musical Times. 53 (830): 225–226. doi:10.2307/905497. JSTOR 905497.
8. Adriano (2002). Anderson, Keith (ed.). "Fanelli: Symphonic Pictures – Bourgault-Duboudray: Rhapsodie cambodgienne | About this recording" (CD booklet). London: Marco Polo – via naxos.com.
9. Orledge, Robert (2000). "Evocations of exoticism". In Mawer, Deborah (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ravel. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–46. ISBN 978-0-521-64856-1.
10. Ravel, Maurice (2003). Orenstein, Arbie (ed.). A Ravel Reader: Correspondence, Articles, Interviews. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 349–350. ISBN 978-0-486-43078-2.
11. By Sylvia Typaldos, Nocturne for violin (or flute) & piano
12. By Sylvia Typaldos, Pie Jesu for mezzo-soprano, string quartet, harp & organ
13. ",Ivar Henning Mankell and Blair FairchildImpressionism, in Music", The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007) (Archive copy from 3 April 2009, accessed 25 December 2012).
14. Richard Trombley, "Impressionism in Music", Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century, edited by Lol Henderson and Lee Stacey (London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999). ISBN 978-1-57958-079-7; ISBN 978-1-135-92946-6.
15. Christopher Palmer, Impressionism in Music (London: Hutchinson; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973): 208.
16. "Musikalischer Impressionismus in Musik | Schülerlexikon | Lernhelfer". www.lernhelfer.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-06-12.

Further reading

• Fulcher, Jane. Debussy and His World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-691-09042-9.
• Machlis, Joseph, and Kristine Forney. The Enjoyment of Music, seventh edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995. ISBN 0-393-96643-7.
• Pasler, Jann. "Impressionism". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
• Thompson, Oscar. Debussy, Man and Artist. New York: Dodd, Mead & company, 1937.