Hazaraspids

The Hazaraspids or Atābakān-e Lor-e Bozorg (Atābags of Great Lorestān) ^[1](Kurdish: ھەزارئەسپ, ئەتابەگەکانی لوڕی مەزن, 1115–1424) were a Kurdish dynasty^[2][3] that ruled the Zagros Mountains region of southwestern Iran, essentially in Lorestan and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Ilkhanid, Muzaffarid, and Timurid periods.^[3]

Atābag of Great Lorestān ئەتابەگەکانی لوڕی مەزن
1115–1424
Status	Vassal of the Ilkhanate (1256–1335) Vassal of Timurid Empire (1393-1424)
Capital	Idaj
Common languages	Kurdish, Luri
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Monarchy
Atabeg/Malik/Shah
History
• Established	1115
• Hazaraspids overthrown by Timurids	1424
Preceded by Succeeded by Salghurids Shabankara Timurid Empire

Etymology

Although the founder was Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad, the dynasty is named after the latter's son and successor, Malik Hazarasp. The name of the dynasty is of Iranian origin, and means "thousand horses".^[4] the dynasty used the surname Fażlūya (Fażlawayh).^[1]

The official name of the kingdom was Atābakān-e Lor-e Bozorg, or Atābagān-e Lor-e Bozorg, "Atabegs of Great Luristan".^[1]

History

The founder of dynasty was Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad, a descendant of the Shabankara chieftain Fadluya, who was initially a commander of the Salghurids of Fars and was appointed as the governor of Kuhgiluya,^[1] but eventually gained independence in Luristan and extended his realm as far as Isfahan and assumed the prestigious title of atabeg.^[5] His son, Malik Hazarasp fought a successful campaign against Salghurids and assisted Jalal-al-din Khwarezmshah in his struggle against the Mongols. Another Hazaraspid ruler Takla, accompanied Hulagu on his march to Baghdad, but deserted because of the murder of the last caliph. He was eventually caught and executed on Hulagu's order.

Yusuf Shah I received Ilkhan Abaqa's confirmation of his rule and added Khuzestan, Kuhgiluya, Firuzan (near Isfahan) and Golpayegan to his domain. Afrasiab I attempted to extend his control to the coast of Persian Gulf but faced stiff opposition from the Mongols who defeated his army at Kuhrud near Kashan. He was reinstated by Ilkhan Gaykhatu but was executed by Gazan in October 1296.^[1]

The capital of Hazaraspids was located at Idaj located in present-day northern Khuzestan. Yusuf Shah II annexed the cities of Shushtar, Hoveizeh and Basra in the first half of fourteenth century.^[6] During the reign of Shams-al-din Pashang, the dynasty faced attacks from the Muzaffarids and the capital Idaj temporarily fell into their hands, until the occupiers had to retreat due to their own internecine fighting.

In 1424, the Timurid ruler Shahrukh Mirza overthrew the last Hazaraspid ruler Ghiyath al-Din thereby ended the dynasty. Maintaining their rule throughout the Seljuk, Mongol and somewhat into the Timurid era, the Hazaraspids played a part in the preservation of the Persian identity during foreign rule.^[7]

Population

The Hazaraspid domain had a mixed population of Kurds and Lurs.^[1]

Rulers

Hazaraspids هەزارئەسپان Fazlawayhids
Parent house	Shabankara
Country	Great Lorestān
Founded	1115
Founder	Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad
Final ruler	Ghiyath al-Din
Titles	Atabag Malik Shah
Deposition	1424

1. Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad (r. 1115–1153)
2. Yusuf Shah I (r.1153-1023)
3. Malik Hazarasp (r. 1204–1248)
4. Imad al-Din ibn Hazarasp (r. 1248–1251)
5. Nusrat al-Din (r. 1252–1257)
6. Takla (r. 1257–1259)
7. Shams al-Din Alp Arghun (r. 1259-1274)
8. Yusuf Shah I (r. 1274–1288)
9. Afrasiab I (r. 1288–1296)
10. Nusrat al-Din Ahmad (r. 1296–1330)
11. Rukn al-Din Yusuf Shah II (r. 1330–1340)
12. Muzaffar al-Din Afrasiab II (r. 1340–1355)
13. Shams al-Din Pashang (r. 1355–1378)
14. Malik Pir Ahmad (r. 1378–1408)
15. Abu Sa'id (r. 1408–1417)
16. Shah Husayn (r. 1417–1424)
17. Ghiyath al-Din (r. 1424)

See also

• List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
• Khorshidi dynasty

References

1. Spuler, B. (1987). "ATĀBAKĀN-E LORESTĀN". Encyclopedia Iranica. II.
2. C. E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, (Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 205, ISBN 0-231-10714-5.
3. Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "HAZĀRASPIDS". Encyclopedia Iranica. XII.
4. Luzac & Co 1986, p. 336-337.
5. C. E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, 205.
6. S. Lane-Poole, The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, 412 pp., Kessinger Publishing, 2004 (originally 1894), ISBN 1-4179-4570-2, p.174
7. Spuler 1971, pp. 336–337.

Sources

• Luzac; Co (1986). "The Encyclopedia of Islam". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III. London: E.J. Brill. pp. 1–1304.
• Spuler, B. (1971). "Hazāraspids". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469525.

Further reading

• Otsuka, Osamu (2020). "The Hazaraspid Dynasty's Legendary Kayanid Ancestry: the Flowering of Persian Literature under the Patronage of Local Rulers in the Late Il-khanid Period". Journal of Persianate Studies. 12 (2). Brill: 181–205. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341334. S2CID 213945417.