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First Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1534 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: حفصه سلطان; "womanly" and "young lioness"; c. 1472 – 19 March 1534), was a concubine of Selim I and the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. She was the first Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and, during the period between her son's enthronement in 1520 until her death in 1534, she was one of the most influential women in the Ottoman Empire.
| Hafsa Sultan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hafsa Sultan Portrait. | |||||
| Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire | |||||
| Tenure | 30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534 | ||||
| Predecessor | Gülbahar Hatun (as Valide Hatun) | ||||
| Successor | Nurbanu Sultan | ||||
| Born | c. 1472 Crimea (?) | ||||
| Died | 19 March 1534 (aged 61–62) Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Consort | Selim I | ||||
| Issue | Hatice Sultan Hafize Sultan Beyhan Sultan Fatma Sultan Suleiman I | ||||
| |||||
| House | Ottoman | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam (converted) | ||||
The traditional view holding that Hafsa Sultan was the daughter of Meñli I Giray (1445–1515), the khan of the Crimean Tatars for much of the period between 1466 and 1515, resting on seventeenth century western authors accounts, has been challenged in favor of a Christian slave origin based on Ottoman documentary evidence.[1][2] Few historians still follow the traditional view, one being Brian Glyn Williams.[3]
Reşat Kasaba mentions the marriage between Selim I and Hafsa Sultan as the "last marriage between an Ottoman sultan and a member of a neighboring Muslim royal family".[4] Esin Atıl, however, states that whilst some historians state that she was the daughter of Giray, others have mentioned that the Crimean princess named "Ayse" was another one of Selim I's wives and that "Hafsa" may have been of slave origin.[5] Ilya Zaytsev claims that "Ayşe (daughter of Mengli-Giray I)" first married Şehzade Mehmed, the governor of Kefe, and that she later married his brother Selim I; consequently, her marriage into the Ottoman dynasty was one of two noted instances of wedlock between the Girays and the Ottomans (the other being the marriage of Selim I's daughter, maybe Gevherhan Sultan, to Saadet-Giray, but also this marriage'' is not proved).[6] The Ottomanist Alan Fisher, Leslie Peirce, and Feridun Emecen all see Hafsa as having been of slave origin and not the daughter of the Crimean Khan.[7]
Hafsa was born in around 1472.[8][9] She became a concubine of Selim, when he was a prince and the governor of Trabzon. With him, she had five children, four daughters and finally a son, Suleiman I.[10][11]
According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. Hafsa joined Suleiman during his early princely assignments, initially in Kefe in 1509,[12] and later in Manisa[13] in 1513.[14] She was supervisor and manager of the inner household and of Suleiman's personal life.[15] Within his court in Kefe, she was granted a monthly stipend of 1,000 aspers, compared to Suleiman's 600 aspers.[16] In Manisa, she was initially granted a monthly stipend of 200 aspers,[15] which was later raised to the highest monthly stipend, amounting to 600 aspers. This stipend surpassed that of anyone else on the princely payroll.[17]
Hafsa was Suleiman's closest companion and kept his constant company.[18] According to Guillaume Postel, she, purportedly saved Suleiman from potential execution by his father. She allegedly instructed him to disavow any interest in succeeding his father as the sultan. Several years before Selim's death, he is said to have tested his sons' loyalty by expressing a desire to retire from the sultanate and asking which of them sought to rule the empire. Postel conveyed that those who responded with boldness met a fatal fate. Suleiman, guided by his mother's understanding of Selim, declined the opportunity, asserting that he was his father's slave, not his son. He expressed that even after Selim's death, assuming such responsibility would cause him great distress.[19]
After Suleiman's accession to the throne in 1520, Hafsa came to reside in the Old Palace in Constantinople.[20] Following his ascent, and likely with his approval, Hafsa, began signing her letters as "the sultan's mother" (valide-i sultan). Although not an official title, it became widely recognized. Hafsa, possibly the first sultanic mother to consistently use this appellation, served as a crucial source of support for various individuals during these years, particularly women associated with the dynasty. Examples include aiding the daughters of Prince Âlemşah after their mother's death and assisting a female member of Khayr Beg's harem. In her letters to Suleiman, Hafsa demonstrated both business-like and affectionate tones, addressing him as "the light of my eye, the joy of my heart."[21]
During the early years of Suleiman's reign, Hafsa emerged as a dominant female influence in his life, as evidenced by her son's granting of the title "Valide Sultan" (Mother Sultan) to her, making her the first person in Ottoman history to bear the title of sultana despite not having royal blood. Although her letters carried formal chancery formulas, they revealed an intimate undertone. Expressing a deep yearning for her son's company and showcasing concern for his safety during campaigns, Hafsa's letters unveiled the profound bond between mother and son. In a rare handwritten letter, she shared a light-hearted anecdote about a household servant and lamented a missed opportunity to see Suleiman. Ending the letter with a gift of black-eyed peas, she conveyed her love, stating that even a treasure wouldn't be enough of a gift for him.[22] She also attempted to prevent the execution of Ferhad Pasha, who was married to her daughter Beyhan.[23][24]
Suleiman had a deep affection for his mother, which is highlighted in Bragadin's 1526 report, describing her as a "a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom [the sultan] bears great reverence and love." Following the Ottoman triumph at the battle of Mohács in 1526, Suleiman took special care to personally inform his mother of the victory through a letter, emphasizing the close bond and reverence he had for her.[25]
Shortly after Suleiman's ascension to the throne, Hafsa initiated the construction of an extensive mosque complex in Manisa,[26] surpassing any built by previous concubines.[27] Its construction probably started during Suleiman's governorship in Manisa, and was completed in 1522–23.[23] This complex included a mosque, a religious college, a dervish hostel, a primary school, and a soup kitchen, employing a staff of 117. Suleiman later expanded it to include a hospital and a bath in his mother's name. Known as "Sultaniye," this imperial mosque featured two minarets, an honor typically reserved for the sultan. Financed through properties acquired with support from Suleiman's father, Selim, and later Suleiman himself, the mosque complex was endowed with income generated from these assets.[27]
Hafsa's groundwork for the project included a significant collective purchase in 1518, involving 56 ordinary shops, 11 shops with roofed fronts, and 111 booths in the Urla market near Izmir. This acquisition, totaling 116 transactions and valued at 66,690 aspers, laid the foundation for the mosque complex's financial support. Beyond construction, Hafsa actively promoted settlement in the mosque's vicinity, offering lots for rent or sale. Those constructing residences on these lots received tax exemptions from the sultan as an encouragement.[28]
She had a kira named Strongilah. She provided assistance to the women in the harem and developed a strong bond with Hafsa.[29]
Hafsa died on 19 March 1534,[30][31] and was buried in the vicinity of her husband’s tomb in Yavuz Selim Mosque, Istanbul.[30][17] Construction of a separate mausoleum for her was ordered, and readers were hired to recite the Quran continuously at her grave.[30] Her funeral was marked by significant public demonstrations of mourning.[25] In the depiction of her funeral, royal chancellor and historian Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi paid tribute to her with an extensive series of commendations, likening her to revered Muslim women. He compared her to Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad, as well as to Fatima and Aisha, highlighting her asceticism, righteous thoughts, and her active involvement in charitable foundations and virtuous deeds.[32]
Together with Selim, Hafsa had five children, four daughters and a son:
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