Glutamate decarboxylase
Enzyme / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dear Wikiwand AI, let's keep it short by simply answering these key questions:
Can you list the top facts and stats about Glutamate decarboxylase?
Summarize this article for a 10 year old
Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide (CO2). GAD uses pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. The reaction proceeds as follows:
- HOOC−CH2−CH2−CH(NH2)−COOH → CO2 + HOOC−CH2−CH2−CH2NH2
glutamate decarboxylase | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||||||||
EC no. | 4.1.1.15 | ||||||||
CAS no. | 9024-58-2m | ||||||||
Databases | |||||||||
IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
|
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||||||
Symbol | GAD1 | ||||||
Alt. symbols | glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kD); GAD67 | ||||||
NCBI gene | 2571 | ||||||
HGNC | 4092 | ||||||
OMIM | 605363 | ||||||
RefSeq | NM_000817 | ||||||
UniProt | Q99259 | ||||||
Other data | |||||||
EC number | 4.1.1.15 | ||||||
Locus | Chr. 2 q31 | ||||||
|
glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||||||
Symbol | GAD2 | ||||||
Alt. symbols | GAD65 | ||||||
NCBI gene | 2572 | ||||||
HGNC | 11284 | ||||||
OMIM | 4093 | ||||||
RefSeq | NM_001047 | ||||||
UniProt | Q05329 | ||||||
Other data | |||||||
EC number | 4.1.1.15 | ||||||
Locus | Chr. 10 p11.23 | ||||||
|
In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms with molecular weights of 67 and 65 kDa (GAD67 and GAD65), which are encoded by two different genes on different chromosomes (GAD1 and GAD2 genes, chromosomes 2 and 10 in humans, respectively).[1][2] GAD67 and GAD65 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a neurotransmitter, and they are also expressed in the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas, in varying ratios depending upon the species.[3] Together, these two enzymes maintain the major physiological supply of GABA in mammals,[2] though it may also be synthesized from putrescine in the enteric nervous system,[4] brain,[5][6] and elsewhere by the actions of diamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1.[4][6]
Several truncated transcripts and polypeptides of GAD67 are detectable in the developing brain,[7] however their function, if any, is unknown.