Global Gender Gap Report

The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.^[1]

Cover of the 2008 report

It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.^[2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."^[2]

According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take exactly 131 years for the gender gap to close.^[3][4]

Methodology

The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country.

The report examines four overall areas of inequality between men and women in 146 economies around the globe, over 93% of the world's population:

• Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
• Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher-level education
• Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
• Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.^[5]

Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization.^[6]

Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index

1. Economic participation and opportunity
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Labour force participation	1.0	0.199	0.199
* Wage equality for similar work	1.0	0.310	0.310
* Estimated earned income	1.0	0.221	0.221
* Legislators, senior officials and managers	1.0	0.149	0.149
* Professional and technical workers	1.0	0.121	0.121
	sum	1.0	1.0
2. Educational attainment
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Literacy rate	1.0	0.191	0.191
* Enrolment in primary education	1.0	0.459	0.459
* Enrolment in secondary education	1.0	0.229	0.229
* Enrolment in tertiary education	1.0	0.121	0.121
	sum	1.0	1.0
3. Health and survival
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Sex ratio at birth	0.944[9]	0.693	0.654
* Healthy life expectancy	1.060[10]	0.307	0.325
	sum	1.0	0.980
4. Political empowerment
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Women in parliament	1.0	0.310	0.310
* Women in ministerial positions	1.0	0.247	0.247
* Years with female head of state	1.0	0.443	0.443
	sum	1.0	1.0

Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity	1.000
2. Educational attainment	1.000
3. Health and survival	0.980
4. Political empowerment	1.000
sum	3.980

Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949

This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.

WEF Global Gender Gap Index rankings

The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women^[11]) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.^[12][13][14] The three highest-ranking countries have closed over 84% of their gender gaps, while the lowest-ranking country has closed only a little over 50% of its gender gap.

Global Gender Gap Report 2020

Location		Year [note 1]
Country	Region	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015[15]	2016[16]	2017	2018	2020[17]	2021[18]	2022
Afghanistan	South Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.444	0.435
Albania	Europe	0.6607	0.6685	0.6591	0.6601	0.6726	0.6748	0.6655	0.6412	0.6869	0.701	0.704	0.728	0.734	0.769	0.770	0.787
Algeria	Africa	0.6018	0.6068	0.6111	0.6119	0.6052	0.5991	0.6112	0.5966	0.6182	0.632	0.642	0.629	0.629	0.634	0.633	0.602
Angola	Africa	0.6039	0.6034	0.6032	0.6353	0.6712	0.6624	N/A	0.6659	0.6311	0.637	0.643	0.640	0.633	0.660	0.657	0.638
Argentina	South America	0.6829	0.6982	0.7209	0.7211	0.7187	0.7236	0.7212	0.7195	0.7317	0.734	0.735	0.732	0.733	0.746	0.752	0.756
Armenia	West Asia	N/A	0.6651	0.6677	0.6619	0.6669	0.6654	0.6636	0.6634	0.6622	0.668	0.669	0.677	0.678	0.684	0.673	0.698
Australia	Oceania	0.7163	0.7204	0.7241	0.7282	0.7271	0.7291	0.7294	0.7390	0.7409	0.733	0.721	0.731	0.730	0.731	0.731	0.738
Austria	Europe	0.6986	0.7060	0.7153	0.7031	0.7091	0.7165	0.7391	0.7437	0.7266	0.733	0.716	0.709	0.718	0.744	0.777	0.781
Azerbaijan	West Asia	N/A	0.6781	0.6856	0.6626	0.6446	0.6577	0.6546	0.6582	0.6753	0.675	0.684	0.676	0.680	0.687	0.688	0.687
Bahamas	Central America	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7179	0.7128	0.7340	0.7156	0.7128	0.7269	0.728	0.729	0.743	0.741	0.720	0.725	N/A
Bahrain	West Asia	0.5894	0.5931	0.5927	0.6136	0.6217	0.6232	0.6298	0.6334	0.6261	0.644	0.615	0.632	0.627	0.629	0.632	0.632
Bangladesh	South Asia	0.6270	0.6314	0.6531	0.6526	0.6702	0.6812	0.6684	0.6848	0.6973	0.704	0.698	0.719	0.721	0.726	0.719	0.714
Barbados	Central America	N/A	N/A	0.7188	0.7236	0.7176	0.7170	0.7232	0.7301	0.7289	0.744	0.739	0.750	0.753	0.749	0.769	0.765
Belarus	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.734	0.737	0.744	0.747	0.746	0.758	0.750
Belgium	Europe	0.7078	0.7198	0.7163	0.7165	0.7509	0.7531	0.7652	0.7684	0.7809	0.753	0.745	0.739	0.738	0.750	0.789	0.793
Belize	Central America	N/A	0.6426	0.6610	0.6636	0.6536	0.6489	0.6465	0.6449	0.6701	0.668	0.676	0.692	0.662	0.671	0.699	0.695
Benin	Africa	0.5780	0.5656	0.5582	0.5643	0.5719	0.5832	0.6258	0.5885	N/A	0.625	0.636	0.652	0.654	0.658	0.653	0.612
Bhutan	South Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6651	0.6364	0.646	0.642	0.638	0.638	0.635	0.639	0.637
Bolivia	South America	0.6335	0.6574	0.6667	0.6693	0.6751	0.6862	0.7222	0.7340	0.7049	0.749	0.746	0.758	0.748	0.734	0.722	0.734
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.713	0.710
Botswana	Africa	0.6897	0.6797	0.6839	0.7071	0.6876	0.6832	0.6744	0.6752	0.7129	0.710	0.715	0.720	0.715	0.709	0.716	0.719
Brazil	South America	0.6543	0.6637	0.6737	0.6695	0.6655	0.6679	0.6909	0.6949	0.6941	0.686	0.687	0.684	0.681	0.691	0.695	0.696
Brunei Darussalam	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	0.6392	0.6524	0.6748	0.6787	0.6750	0.6730	0.6719	0.684	0.669	0.671	0.686	0.686	0.678	0.680
Bulgaria	Europe	0.6870	0.7085	0.7077	0.7072	0.6983	0.6987	0.7021	0.7097	0.7444	0.722	0.726	0.756	0.756	0.727	0.746	0.740
Burkina Faso	Africa	0.5854	0.5912	0.6029	0.6081	0.6162	0.6153	0.6455	0.6513	0.6500	0.651	0.64	0.646	0.629	0.635	0.651	0.659
Burundi	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7270	0.7338	0.7397	0.7565	0.748	0.768	0.755	0.741	0.745	0.769	0.777
Cambodia	Southeast Asia	0.6291	0.6353	0.6469	0.6410	0.6482	0.6464	0.6457	0.6509	0.6520	0.662	0.658	0.676	0.683	0.694	0.685	0.690
Cameroon	Africa	0.5865	0.5919	0.6017	0.6108	0.6110	0.6073	0.6291	0.6560	N/A	0.682	0.684	0.689	0.714	0.686	0.692	0.692
Canada	North America	0.7165	0.7198	0.7136	0.7196	0.7372	0.7407	0.7381	0.7425	0.7464	0.740	0.731	0.769	0.771	0.772	0.772	0.772
Cape Verde	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7180	0.7122	0.7133	0.717	0.729	0.686	0.702	0.725	0.716	0.736
Chad	Africa	0.5247	0.5381	0.5290	0.5417	0.5330	0.5334	0.5594	0.5588	0.5764	0.580	0.587	0.575	0.580	0.596	0.593	0.579
Chile	South America	0.6455	0.6482	0.6818	0.6884	0.7013	0.7030	0.6676	0.6670	0.6975	0.698	0.699	0.704	0.717	0.723	0.716	0.736
China	East Asia	0.6561	0.6643	0.6878	0.6907	0.6881	0.6866	0.6853	0.6908	0.6830	0.682	0.676	0.674	0.673	0.676	0.682	0.682
Colombia	South America	0.7049	0.7090	0.6944	0.6939	0.6927	0.6714	0.6901	0.7171	0.7122	0.725	0.727	0.731	0.729	0.758	0.725	0.710
Comoros	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.631
Costa Rica	Central America	0.6936	0.7014	0.7111	0.7180	0.7194	0.7266	0.7225	0.7241	0.7165	0.732	0.736	0.727	0.749	0.782	0.786	0.796
Côte d'Ivoire	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.5691	0.5773	0.5785	0.5814	0.5874	0.606	0.597	0.611	0.627	0.606	0.637	0.632
Croatia	Europe	0.7145	0.7210	0.6967	0.6944	0.6939	0.7006	0.7053	0.7069	0.7075	0.708	0.7	0.711	0.712	0.720	0.733	N/A
Cuba	Central America	N/A	0.7169	0.7195	0.7176	0.7253	0.7394	0.7417	0.7540	0.7317	0.740	0.74	0.745	0.749	0.746	0.746	N/A
Cyprus	West Asia	0.6430	0.6522	0.6694	0.6706	0.6642	0.6567	0.6732	0.6801	0.6741	0.671	0.684	0.684	0.684	0.692	0.707	0.696
Czech Republic	Europe	0.6712	0.6718	0.6770	0.6789	0.6850	0.6789	0.6767	0.6770	0.6737	0.687	0.69	0.688	0.693	0.706	0.711	0.710
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.576	0.575
Denmark	Europe	0.7462	0.7519	0.7538	0.7628	0.7719	0.7778	0.7777	0.7779	0.8025	0.767	0.754	0.776	0.778	0.782	0.768	0.764
Dominican Republic	Central America	0.6639	0.6705	0.6744	0.6859	0.6774	0.6682	0.6659	0.6867	0.6906	0.686	0.676	0.697	0.701	0.700	0.699	0.703
Ecuador	South America	0.6433	0.6881	0.7091	0.7220	0.7072	0.7035	0.7206	0.7389	0.7455	0.738	0.726	0.724	0.729	0.729	0.739	0.743
Egypt	Africa	0.5786	0.5809	0.5832	0.5862	0.5899	0.5933	0.5975	0.5935	0.6064	0.599	0.614	0.608	0.614	0.629	0.639	0.635
El Salvador	Central America	0.6837	0.6853	0.6875	0.6939	0.6596	0.6567	0.6630	0.6609	0.6863	0.706	0.702	0.705	0.690	0.706	0.738	0.727
Estonia	Europe	0.6944	0.7008	0.7076	0.7094	0.7018	0.6983	0.6977	0.6997	0.7017	0.749	0.747	0.731	0.734	0.751	0.733	0.733
Eswatini	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.670	0.665	0.670	N/A	N/A	0.729	0.728
Ethiopia	Africa	0.5946	0.5991	0.5867	0.5948	0.6019	0.6136	0.6200	0.6198	0.6144	0.640	0.662	0.656	0.656	0.705	0.691	0.710
Fiji	Oceania	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6414	0.6256	0.6255	0.6285	0.6286	0.6286	0.645	N/A	N/A	0.669	0.678	0.674	0.676
Finland	Europe	0.7958	0.8044	0.8195	0.8252	0.8260	0.8383	0.8451	0.8421	0.8453	0.850	0.845	0.823	0.821	0.832	0.861	0.860
France	Europe	0.6520	0.6824	0.7341	0.7331	0.7025	0.7018	0.6984	0.7089	0.7588	0.761	0.755	0.778	0.779	0.781	0.784	0.791
Gambia, The	Africa	0.6448	0.6421	0.6622	0.6752	0.6762	0.6763	0.6630	N/A	N/A	0.674	0.667	0.649	0.642	0.628	0.644	0.641
Georgia	West Asia	0.6700	0.6665	0.6654	0.6680	0.6598	0.6624	0.6691	0.6750	0.6855	0.687	0.681	0.679	0.677	0.708	0.732	0.731
Germany	Europe	0.7524	0.7618	0.7394	0.7449	0.7530	0.7590	0.7629	0.7583	0.7780	0.779	0.766	0.778	0.776	0.787	0.796	0.801
Ghana	Africa	0.6653	0.6725	0.6679	0.6704	0.6782	0.6811	0.6778	0.6811	0.6661	0.704	0.705	0.695	0.688	0.673	0.666	0.672
Greece	Europe	0.6540	0.6648	0.6727	0.6662	0.6908	0.6916	0.6716	0.6782	0.6784	0.685	0.68	0.692	0.696	0.701	0.689	0.689
Guatemala	Central America	0.6067	0.6144	0.6072	0.6209	0.6238	0.6229	0.6260	0.6304	0.6821	0.667	0.666	0.667	0.668	0.666	0.655	0.664
Guinea	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.618	0.64	0.659	0.656	0.642	0.660	0.647
Guyana	South America	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7108	0.7090	0.7084	0.7119	0.7085	0.7010	0.702	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.728	0.752
Honduras	Central America	0.6483	0.6661	0.6960	0.6893	0.6927	0.6945	0.6763	0.6773	0.6935	0.688	0.69	0.711	0.706	0.722	0.716	0.705
Hungary	Europe	0.6698	0.6731	0.6867	0.6879	0.6720	0.6642	0.6718	0.6742	0.6759	0.672	0.669	0.670	0.674	0.677	0.688	0.699
Iceland	Europe	0.7813	0.7836	0.7999	0.8276	0.8496	0.8530	0.8640	0.8731	0.8594	0.881	0.874	0.878	0.858	0.877	0.892	0.908
India	South Asia	0.6011	0.5936	0.6060	0.6151	0.6155	0.6190	0.6442	0.6551	0.6455	0.664	0.683	0.669	0.665	0.668	0.625	0.629
Indonesia	Southeast Asia	0.6541	0.6550	0.6473	0.6580	0.6615	0.6594	0.6591	0.6613	0.6725	0.681	0.682	0.691	0.691	0.700	0.688	0.697
Iran	West Asia	0.5803	0.5903	0.6021	0.5839	0.5933	0.5894	0.5927	0.5842	0.5811	0.580	0.587	0.583	0.589	0.584	0.582	0.576
Iraq	West Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.535	N/A
Ireland	Europe	0.7335	0.7457	0.7518	0.7597	0.7773	0.7830	0.7839	0.7823	0.7850	0.807	0.797	0.794	0.796	0.798	0.800	0.804
Israel	West Asia	0.6889	0.6965	0.6900	0.7019	0.6957	0.6926	0.6989	0.7032	0.7005	0.712	0.719	0.721	0.722	0.718	0.724	0.727
Italy	Europe	0.6456	0.6498	0.6788	0.6798	0.6765	0.6796	0.6729	0.6885	0.6973	0.726	0.719	0.692	0.706	0.707	0.721	0.720
Jamaica	Central America	0.7014	0.6925	0.6980	0.7013	0.7037	0.7028	0.7035	0.7085	0.7128	0.703	0.724	0.717	0.724	0.735	0.741	0.749
Japan	East Asia	0.6447	0.6455	0.6434	0.6447	0.6524	0.6514	0.6530	0.6498	0.6584	0.670	0.66	0.657	0.662	0.652	0.656	0.650
Jordan	West Asia	0.6109	0.6203	0.6275	0.6182	0.6048	0.6117	0.6103	0.6093	0.5968	0.593	0.603	0.604	0.605	0.623	0.683	0.639
Kazakhstan	Central Asia	0.6928	0.6983	0.6976	0.7013	0.7055	0.7010	0.7213	0.7218	0.7210	0.719	0.718	0.713	0.712	0.710	0.710	0.719
Kenya	Africa	0.6486	0.6508	0.6547	0.6512	0.6499	0.6493	0.6768	0.6803	0.7258	0.719	0.702	0.694	0.700	0.671	0.692	0.729
Korea, Rep.	East Asia	0.6157	0.6409	0.6154	0.6146	0.6342	0.6281	0.6356	0.6351	0.6403	0.651	0.649	0.650	0.657	0.672	0.687	0.689
Kuwait	West Asia	0.6341	0.6409	0.6358	0.6356	0.6318	0.6322	0.6320	0.6292	0.6457	0.646	0.624	0.679	0.630	0.650	0.621	0.632
Kyrgyz Republic	Central Asia	0.6742	0.6653	0.7045	0.7058	0.6973	0.7036	0.7013	0.6948	0.6974	0.693	0.687	0.691	0.691	0.689	0.681	0.700
Laos	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6993	0.7044	0.713	N/A	0.703	0.748	0.731	0.750	0.733
Latvia	Europe	0.7091	0.7333	0.7397	0.7416	0.7429	0.7399	0.7572	0.7610	0.7691	0.752	0.755	0.756	0.758	0.785	0.778	0.771
Lebanon	West Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6084	0.6083	0.6030	0.6028	0.5923	0.598	0.598	0.596	0.595	0.599	0.638	0.644
Lesotho	Africa	0.6807	0.7078	0.7320	0.7495	0.7678	0.7666	0.7608	0.7530	0.7255	0.706	0.706	0.695	0.693	0.695	0.698	0.700
Liberia	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.652	0.652	0.669	0.681	0.685	0.693	0.709
Lithuania	Europe	0.7077	0.7234	0.7222	0.7175	0.7132	0.7131	0.7191	0.7308	0.7208	0.740	0.744	0.742	0.749	0.745	0.804	0.799
Luxembourg	Europe	0.6671	0.6786	0.6802	0.6889	0.7231	0.7216	0.7439	0.7410	0.7333	0.738	0.734	0.706	0.712	0.725	0.726	0.736
North Macedonia	Europe	0.6983	0.6967	0.6914	0.6950	0.6996	0.6966	0.6968	0.7013	0.6943	0.701	0.696	0.702	0.707	0.711	0.715	0.716
Madagascar	Africa	0.6385	0.6461	0.6736	0.6732	0.6713	0.6797	0.6982	0.7016	0.7214	0.698	0.704	0.692	0.691	0.719	0.725	0.735
Malawi	Africa	0.6437	0.6480	0.6664	0.6738	0.6824	0.6850	0.7166	0.7139	0.7281	0.701	0.7	0.672	0.662	0.664	0.671	0.632
Malaysia	Southeast Asia	0.6509	0.6444	0.6442	0.6467	0.6479	0.6525	0.6539	0.6518	0.6520	0.655	0.666	0.670	0.676	0.677	0.676	0.681
Maldives	South Asia	N/A	0.6350	0.6501	0.6482	0.6452	0.6480	0.6616	0.6604	0.6557	0.652	.65	0.669	0.662	0.646	0.642	0.648
Mali	Africa	0.5996	0.6019	0.6117	0.5860	0.5680	0.5752	0.5842	0.5872	0.5779	0.599	0.591	0.583	0.582	0.621	0.591	0.601
Malta	Europe	0.6518	0.6615	0.6634	0.6635	0.6695	0.6658	0.6666	0.6761	0.6707	0.668	0.664	0.682	0.686	0.693	0.703	0.703
Mauritania	Africa	0.5835	0.6022	0.6117	0.6103	0.6152	0.6164	0.6129	0.5810	0.6029	0.613	0.624	0.614	0.607	0.614	0.606	N/A
Mauritius	Africa	0.6328	0.6487	0.6466	0.6513	0.6520	0.6529	0.6547	0.6599	0.6541	0.646	0.652	0.664	0.663	0.665	0.679	0.679
Mexico	North America	0.6462	0.6441	0.6441	0.6503	0.6577	0.6604	0.6712	0.6917	0.6900	0.699	0.7	0.692	0.721	0.754	0.757	0.764
Moldova	Europe	0.7128	0.7172	0.7244	0.7104	0.7160	0.7083	0.7101	0.7037	0.7405	0.742	0.741	0.740	0.733	0.757	0.768	0.788
Mongolia	East Asia	0.6821	0.6731	0.7049	0.7221	0.7194	0.7140	0.7111	0.7204	0.7212	0.709	0.705	0.713	0.714	0.706	0.716	0.715
Montenegro	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.689	0.681	0.693	0.706	0.710	0.732	0.732
Morocco	Africa	0.5827	0.5676	0.5757	0.5926	0.5767	0.5804	0.5833	0.5845	0.5988	0.593	0.597	0.598	0.607	0.605	0.612	0.624
Mozambique	Africa	N/A	0.6883	0.7266	0.7195	0.7329	0.7251	0.7350	0.7349	0.7370	0.741	0.75	0.741	0.721	0.723	0.758	0.752
Myanmar	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.691	0.690	0.665	0.681	0.677
Namibia	Africa	0.6864	0.7012	0.7141	0.7167	0.7238	0.7177	0.7121	0.7094	0.7219	0.760	0.765	0.777	0.789	0.784	0.809	0.807
Nepal	South Asia	0.5478	0.5575	0.5942	0.6213	0.6084	0.5888	0.6026	0.6053	0.6458	0.658	0.661	0.664	0.671	0.680	0.683	0.692
Netherlands	Europe	0.7250	0.7383	0.7399	0.7490	0.7444	0.7470	0.7659	0.7608	0.7730	0.776	0.756	0.737	0.747	0.736	0.762	0.767
New Zealand	Oceania	0.7509	0.7649	0.7859	0.7880	0.7808	0.7810	0.7805	0.7799	0.7772	0.782	0.781	0.791	0.801	0.799	0.840	0.841
Nicaragua	Central America	0.6566	0.6458	0.6747	0.7002	0.7176	0.7245	0.7697	0.7715	0.7894	0.776	0.78	0.814	0.809	0.804	0.796	0.810
Niger	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.629	0.635
Nigeria	Africa	0.6104	0.6122	0.6339	0.6280	0.6055	0.6011	0.6315	0.6469	0.6391	0.638	0.643	0.641	0.621	0.635	0.627	0.639
Norway	Europe	0.7994	0.8059	0.8239	0.8227	0.8404	0.8404	0.8403	0.8417	0.8374	0.850	0.842	0.830	0.835	0.842	0.849	0.845
Oman	West Asia	N/A	0.5903	0.5960	0.5938	0.5950	0.5873	0.5986	0.6053	0.6091	0.604	0.612	N/A	0.605	0.602	0.608	0.609
Pakistan	South Asia	0.5434	0.5509	0.5549	0.5458	0.5465	0.5583	0.5478	0.5459	0.5522	0.559	0.556	0.546	0.550	0.564	0.556	0.564
Panama	Central America	0.6935	0.6954	0.7095	0.7024	0.7072	0.7042	0.7122	0.7164	0.7195	0.772	0.721	0.722	0.722	0.730	0.737	0.743
Papua New Guinea	Oceania	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.635	N/A
Paraguay	South America	0.6556	0.6659	0.6379	0.6868	0.6804	0.6818	0.6714	0.6724	0.6890	0.666	0.676	0.678	0.672	0.683	0.702	0.707
Peru	South America	0.6619	0.6624	0.6959	0.7024	0.6895	0.6796	0.6742	0.6787	0.7198	0.683	0.687	0.719	0.720	0.714	0.721	0.749
Philippines	Southeast Asia	0.7516	0.7629	0.7568	0.7579	0.7654	0.7685	0.7757	0.7832	0.7814	0.790	0.786	0.790	0.799	0.781	0.784	0.783
Poland	Europe	0.6802	0.6756	0.6951	0.6998	0.7037	0.7038	0.7015	0.7031	0.7051	0.715	0.727	0.728	0.728	0.736	0.713	0.709
Portugal	Europe	0.6922	0.6959	0.7051	0.7013	0.7171	0.7144	0.7071	0.7056	0.7243	0.731	0.737	0.734	0.732	0.744	0.775	0.766
Qatar	West Asia	N/A	0.6041	0.5948	0.5907	0.6059	0.6230	0.6264	0.6299	0.6403	0.645	0.643	0.626	0.629	0.629	0.624	0.617
Romania	Europe	0.6797	0.6859	0.6763	0.6805	0.6826	0.6812	0.6859	0.6908	0.6936	0.693	0.69	0.708	0.711	0.724	0.700	0.698
Russia	Europe	0.6770	0.6866	0.6994	0.6987	0.7036	0.7037	0.6980	0.6983	0.6927	0.694	0.691	0.696	0.701	0.706	0.708	N/A
Rwanda	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.794	0.8	0.822	0.804	0.791	0.805	0.811
Saudi Arabia	West Asia	0.5242	0.5647	0.5537	0.5651	0.5713	0.5753	0.5731	0.5879	0.6059	0.605	0.583	0.584	0.590	0.599	0.603	0.636
Senegal	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6427	0.6414	0.6573	0.6657	0.6923	0.6912	0.698	0.685	0.684	0.682	0.684	0.684	0.668
Serbia	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7037	0.7116	0.7086	0.720	0.72	0.727	0.730	0.736	0.780	0.779
Sierra Leone	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.655	0.672
Singapore	Southeast Asia	0.6550	0.6609	0.6625	0.6664	0.6914	0.6914	0.6989	0.7000	0.7046	0.711	0.712	0.702	0.707	0.724	0.727	0.734
Slovakia	Europe	0.6757	0.6797	0.6824	0.6845	0.6778	0.6797	0.6824	0.6857	0.6806	0.675	0.679	0.694	0.693	0.718	0.712	0.717
Slovenia	Europe	0.6745	0.6842	0.6937	0.6982	0.7047	0.7041	0.7132	0.7155	0.7443	0.784	0.786	0.805	0.784	0.743	0.741	0.744
South Africa	Africa	0.7125	0.7194	0.7232	0.7709	0.7535	0.7478	0.7496	0.7510	0.7527	0.759	0.764	0.756	0.755	0.780	0.781	0.782
Spain	Europe	0.7319	0.7444	0.7281	0.7345	0.7554	0.7580	0.7266	0.7266	0.7325	0.742	0.738	0.746	0.746	0.795	0.788	0.788
Sri Lanka	South Asia	0.7199	0.7230	0.7371	0.7402	0.7458	0.7212	0.7122	0.7019	0.6903	0.686	0.673	0.669	0.676	0.680	0.670	0.670
Suriname	South America	N/A	0.6794	0.6674	0.6726	0.6407	0.6395	0.6409	0.6369	0.6504	0.670	0.679	0.689	0.695	0.707	0.729	0.737
Sweden	Europe	0.8133	0.8146	0.8139	0.8139	0.8024	0.8044	0.8159	0.8129	0.8165	0.823	0.815	0.816	0.822	0.820	0.823	0.822
Switzerland	Europe	0.6997	0.6924	0.7360	0.7426	0.7562	0.7627	0.7672	0.7736	0.7798	0.785	0.776	0.755	0.755	0.779	0.798	0.795
Syria	West Asia	N/A	0.6216	0.6181	0.6072	0.5926	0.5896	0.5626	0.5661	0.5775	0.568	0.567	0.568	0.568	0.567	0.568	N/A
Tajikistan	Central Asia	N/A	0.6578	0.6541	0.6661	0.6598	0.6526	0.6608	0.6682	0.6654	0.675	0.679	0.678	0.638	0.626	0.650	0.663
Tanzania	Africa	0.7038	0.6969	0.7068	0.6797	0.6829	0.6904	0.7091	0.6928	0.7182	0.718	0.716	0.700	0.704	0.713	0.707	0.719
Thailand	Southeast Asia	0.6831	0.6815	0.6917	0.6907	0.6910	0.6892	0.6893	0.6928	0.7027	0.706	0.699	0.694	0.702	0.708	0.710	0.709
Timor-Leste	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6855	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.637	0.628	0.638	0.662	0.720	0.730
Togo	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.683	0.697
Trinidad and Tobago	Central America	0.6797	0.6859	0.7245	0.7298	0.7353	0.7372	0.7116	0.7166	0.7154	0.720	0.723	N/A	N/A	0.756	0.749	N/A
Tunisia	Africa	0.6288	0.6283	0.6295	0.6233	0.6266	0.6255	N/A	N/A	0.6272	0.634	0.636	0.651	0.648	0.644	0.649	0.643
Turkey	West Asia	0.5850	0.5768	0.5853	0.5828	0.5876	0.5954	0.6015	0.6081	0.6183	0.624	0.623	0.625	0.628	0.635	0.638	0.639
Uganda	Africa	0.6797	0.6833	0.6981	0.7067	0.7169	0.7220	0.7228	0.7086	0.6821	0.708	0.704	0.721	0.724	0.717	0.717	0.724
Ukraine	Europe	0.6797	0.6790	0.6856	0.6896	0.6869	0.6861	0.6894	0.6935	0.7056	0.702	0.7	0.705	0.708	0.721	0.714	0.707
United Arab Emirates	West Asia	0.5919	0.6184	0.6220	0.6198	0.6397	0.6454	0.6392	0.6372	0.6436	0.646	0.639	0.649	0.642	0.655	0.716	0.716
United Kingdom	Europe	0.7365	0.7441	0.7366	0.7402	0.7460	0.7462	0.7433	0.7440	0.7383	0.758	0.752	0.770	0.744	0.767	0.775	0.780
United States	North America	0.7042	0.7002	0.7179	0.7173	0.7411	0.7412	0.7373	0.7392	0.7463	0.740	0.722	0.718	0.720	0.724	0.763	0.769
Uruguay	South America	0.6549	0.6608	0.6907	0.6936	0.6897	0.6907	0.6745	0.6803	0.6871	0.679	0.681	0.710	0.715	0.737	0.702	0.711
Vanuatu	Oceania	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.625	0.670
Venezuela	South America	0.6664	0.6797	0.6875	0.6839	0.6863	0.6861	0.7060	0.7060	0.6851	0.691	0.694	0.706	0.709	0.713	0.699	N/A
Vietnam	Southeast Asia	N/A	0.6889	0.6778	0.6802	0.6776	0.6732	0.6867	0.6863	0.6915	0.687	0.7	0.698	0.698	0.700	0.701	0.705
Yemen	West Asia	0.4595	0.4510	0.4664	0.4609	0.4603	0.4873	0.5054	0.5128	0.5145	0.484	0.516	0.516	0.499	0.494	0.492	N/A
Zambia	Africa	0.6360	0.6288	0.6205	0.6310	0.6293	0.6300	0.6279	0.6312	0.6364	0.650	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.731	0.726	0.723
Zimbabwe	Africa	0.6461	0.6464	0.6485	0.6518	0.6574	0.6607	N/A	N/A	0.7013	0.709	0.71	0.717	0.721	0.730	0.732	0.734

Criticisms and controversies

There are criticisms that the report overly focuses on women's disadvantages compared to men and does not measure equality in the gender gap. Gender imbalances to the advantage of women do not affect the score.^[19] So, for example, the indicator "number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value" would score 1 if the number of years was 25, but would still score 1 if the number of years was 50. Due to this methodology, gender gaps that favor women over men are reported as equality and would not cause deficits of equality in other areas to become less visible in the score, excepted for life expectancy. To put it more simply: women could be better off in all areas and still the index would deem that country perfectly equal.

The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."^[16]

In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.^[20]

In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary argued that the Global Gender Gap Index has limitations as a measure of gender equality, because of the way it caps scores and because it ignores specific issues on which men are known to fall behind (e.g., risks of working in hazardous jobs).^[21] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.^[18]

See also

• Gender Empowerment Measure
• Gender Inequality Index
• Gender-Related Development Index
• Social Institutions and Gender Index
• Female labour force in the Muslim world
• Gender pay gap
• Women's rights in 2014
• Women Peace and Security Index

Notes

1. Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.

References

1. "Global Gender Gap Report 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
2. 2008 Report, p. 24
3. "Global Gender Gap Report 2023". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
4. "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
5. 2014 report, page 5
6. 2008 Report, p. 5
7. The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
   GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
8. GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
9. GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
   GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
10. GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
11. 2016 Report, Page 6
12. Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
13. "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
14. "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014.
15. "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
16. "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
17. "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
18. "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
19. Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2009). "The Global Gender Gap Report 2009" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2009-11-02. (...) the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables
20. Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
21. Stoet, G. & Geary, D.C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality, PLOS ONE 14(1): e0205349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205349

External links

• "Women Leaders and Gender Parity". World Economic Forum. Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original on 2008-11-13. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
• Daily chart: Sex and equality, The Economist, Oct 25th 2013

Reports

• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Yasmina Bekhouche; Saadia Zahidi (2014). The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
• The Global Gender Gap Report 2011 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2010). The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2009). The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
• Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2006). The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.