GeForce 400 series

For AMD's RX-400 GPUs, see RX 400.

The GeForce 400 series is a series of graphics processing units developed by Nvidia, serving as the introduction of the Fermi microarchitecture. Its release was originally slated in November 2009,^[2] however, after delays, it was released on March 26, 2010, with availability following in April 2010.

GeForce 400 series

Nvidia GeForce GTX 480 Point of View
Release date	April 12, 2010; 14 years ago (April 12, 2010)
Codename	GF10x
Architecture	Fermi
Models	GeForce series GeForce GT series GeForce GTS series GeForce GTX series
Transistors	260M 40 nm (GT218 - GeForce 405 only) 585M 40 nm (GF108) 1.170M 40 nm (GF106) 1.950M 40 nm (GF104) 1.950M 40 nm (GF114) 3.200M 40 nm (GF100)
Cards
Entry-level	GT 420 GT 430
Mid-range	GT 440 GTS 450 GTX 460 GTX 465
High-end	GTX 470 GTX 480
API support
DirectX	Direct3D 12.0 (feature level 11_0)[1] Direct3D 11.1 (feature level 10_1, GeForce 405 only) Shader Model 5.1 Shader Model 4.1 (GeForce 405 only)
OpenCL	OpenCL 1.1
OpenGL	OpenGL 4.6
History
Predecessor	GeForce 200 series
Successor	GeForce 500 series
Support status
Unsupported

Its direct competitor was ATI's Radeon HD 5000 series.

Architecture

Main article: Fermi (microarchitecture)

Nvidia described the Fermi microarchitecture as the next major step in its line of GPUs following the Tesla microarchitecture used since the G80. The GF100, the first Fermi-architecture product, is large: 512 stream processors, in sixteen groups of 32, and 3.0 billion transistors, manufactured by TSMC in a 40 nm process. It is Nvidia's first chip to support OpenGL 4.0 and Direct3D 11. No products with a fully enabled GF100 GPU were ever sold. The GTX 480 had one streaming multiprocessor disabled. The GTX 470 had two streaming multiprocessors and one memory controller disabled. The GTX 465 had five streaming multiprocessors and two memory controllers disabled. Consumer GeForce cards came with 256MB attached to each of the enabled GDDR5 memory controllers, for a total of 1.5, 1.25 or 1.0GB; the Tesla C2050 had 512MB on each of six controllers, and the Tesla C2070 had 1024MB per controller. Both the Tesla cards had fourteen active groups of stream processors.

The chips found in the high performance Tesla branding feature memory with optional ECC and the ability to perform one double-precision floating-point operation per cycle per core; the consumer GeForce cards are artificially driver restricted to one DP operation per four cycles. With these features, combined with support for Visual Studio and C++, Nvidia targeted professional and commercial markets, as well as use in high performance computing.

Fermi is named after Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.

Current limitations and trade-offs

The quantity of on-board SRAM per ALU actually decreased proportionally compared to the previous G200 generation, despite the increase of the L2 cache from 256kB per 240 ALUs to 768kB per 512 ALUs, since Fermi has only 32768 registers per 32 ALUs (vs. 16384 per 8 ALUs), only 48kB of shared memory per 32 ALUs (vs. 16kB per 8 ALUs), and only 16kB of cache per 32 ALUs (vs. 8kB constant cache per 8 ALUs + 24kB texture cache per 24 ALUs). Parameters such as the number of registers can be found in the CUDA Compute Capability Comparison Table in the reference manual.^[3]

History

On September 30, 2009, Nvidia released a white paper describing the architecture:^[4] the chip features 16 'Streaming Multiprocessors' each with 32 'CUDA Cores' capable of one single-precision operation per cycle or one double-precision operation every other cycle, a 40-bit virtual address space which allows the host's memory to be mapped into the chip's address space, meaning that there is only one kind of pointer and making C++ support significantly easier, and a 384-bit wide GDDR5 memory interface. As with the G80 and GT200, threads are scheduled in 'warps', sets of 32 threads each running on a single shader core. While the GT200 had 16 KB 'shared memory' associated with each shader cluster, and required data to be read through the texturing units if a cache was needed, GF100 has 64 KB of memory associated with each cluster, which can be used either as a 48 KB cache plus 16 KB of shared memory, or as a 16 KB cache plus 48 KB of shared memory, along with a 768 KB L2 cache shared by all 16 clusters.

The white paper describes the chip much more as a general purpose processor for workloads encompassing tens of thousands of threads - reminiscent of the Tera MTA architecture, though without that machine's support for very efficient random memory access - than as a graphics processor.

GeForce GTX 490 die (GF100)

Many users reported high temperatures and power consumption while receiving correspondingly poor performance improves in the GeForce 400 series Fermi GPUs when compared to rival competitor AMD's Radeon HD 5000 series - leading AMD to create and release a promotional video "The Misunderstanding"^[5] to poke fun at the issue. In the video, a police unit is seen commencing a raid on a house with a large thermal profile, indicating a grow operation. However, upon entering the home it is apparent that the source of the high temperature is a Fermi GPU.^[6][7] It became a common joke that one could fry an egg on a Fermi GPU at full load.^[8]

Products

• ¹ SPs - Shader Processors - Unified Shaders: Texture mapping units: Render output units
• ² Each Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) in the GPU of GF100 architecture contains 32 SPs and 4 SFUs. Each Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) in the GPU of GF104/106/108 architecture contains 48 SPs and 8 SFUs. Each SP can fulfil 2 single precision fused multiply–add (FMA) operations per cycle. Each SFU can fulfil four SF operations per cycle. One FMA operation counts for two floating point operations. So the theoretical single precision peak performance, with shader count [n] and shader frequency [f, GHz], can be estimated by the following, FLOPS_sp ≈ f × n × 2 (FMA). Total Processing Power: for GF100 FLOPS_sp ≈ f × m ×(32 SPs × 2(FMA) + 4 × 4 SFUs) and for GF104/106/108 FLOPS_sp ≈ f × m × (48 SPs × 2(FMA) + 4 × 8 SFUs) or for GF100 FLOPS_sp ≈ f × n × 2.5 and for GF104/106/108 FLOPS_sp ≈ f × n × 8 / 3.^[9]

SP - Shader Processor (Unified Shader, CUDA Core), SFU - Special Function Unit, SM - Streaming Multiprocessor.

• ³ Each SM in the GF100 contains 4 texture filtering units for every texture address unit. The complete GF100 die contains 64 texture address units and 256 texture filtering units^[10] Each SM in the GF104/106/108 architecture contains 8 texture filtering units for every texture address unit. The complete GF104 die contains 64 texture address units and 512 texture filtering units, the complete GF106 die contains 32 texture address units and 256 texture filtering units and the complete GF108 die contains 16 texture address units and 128 texture filtering units.^[11]

All products are produced on a 40 nm fabrication process. All products support Direct3D 12.0 on a feature level 11_0, OpenGL 4.6 and OpenCL 1.1. The only exception is the GeForce 405, an OEM-only card, which is based on the GT218 (Tesla) core only supporting DirectX 11.1 with feature level 10_1, OpenGL 3.3 and no OpenCL support, and is the only card in the GeForce 400 range not based on the Fermi microarchitecture. By the parameters, the GeForce 405 is identical to the GeForce 310, also an OEM only card, which is itself based on the GeForce 210. All products have a single DB15 VGA connector on a full height and full length card, except as listed otherwise.

On November 8, 2010, Nvidia released the GF110 chip, along with the GTX 580 (480's replacement). It is a redesigned GF100 chip, which uses significantly less power. This allowed Nvidia to enable all 16 SMs (all 16 cores), which was previously impossible on the GF100 "Nvidia GeForce GTX 580". Various features of the GF100 architecture were only available on the more expensive Quadro and Tesla series of cards.^[12] For the GeForce consumer products, double precision performance is a quarter of that of the "full" Fermi architecture. Error checking and correcting memory (ECC) also does not operate on consumer cards.^[13] The GF100 cards provide Compute Capability 2.0, while the GF104/106/108 cards provide Compute Capability 2.1.

Discontinued support

Nvidia announced that after Release 390 drivers, it will no longer release 32-bit drivers for 32-bit operating systems.^[14]

Nvidia announced in April 2018 that Fermi will move to legacy driver support status and be maintained until January 2019.^[15]

Chipset table

Model	Launch	Code name	Fab (nm)	Transistors (million)	Die size (mm2)	SM count	Core config[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]	Clock rate			Fillrate		Memory configuration				Supported API version				Processing power (GFLOPS)[lower-alpha 3]		TDP (Watts)[lower-alpha 4]	Release Price (USD)
								Core (MHz)	Shader (MHz)	Memory (MHz)	Pixel (GP/s)	Texture (GT/s)	Size (MB)	Bandwidth (GB/s)	DRAM type	Bus width (bit)	Vulkan	Direct3D	OpenGL	OpenCL[lower-alpha 5]	Single precision	Double precision
GeForce 405[lower-alpha 6]	September 16, 2011	GT216 GT218	40 nm	486 260	100 57	1	48:16:8 16:8:4	475 589	1100 1402	800 790	3.8 2.36	7.6 4.71	512 1024	12.6	DDR3	64	n/a[18]	11.1 (FL 10_1)	3.3	1.1	105.6 44.86	Un­known	30.5	OEM
GeForce GT 420	September 3, 2010	GF108	TSMC 40 nm	585	116		48:4:4	700	1400	1800	2.8	2.8	512	28.8	GDDR3	128		12 (FL 11_0)	4.6		134.4	Un­known	50
GeForce GT 430	October 11, 2010	GF108 GF108-300-A1				2	96:16:4			1600 1800		11.2	512	25.6 28.8						1.2	268.8	Un­known	60
										1800			512 1024 2048	28.8		128				1.1	268.8	Unknown	49	$79
										1300				10.4		64
GeForce GT 440	February 1, 2011	GF108						810	1620	1800 3200	3.2	12.9	512 1024	28.8 51.2	GDDR3 GDDR5	128					311.04	Un­known	65	$100
	October 11, 2010	GF106		1170	238	3	144:24:24	594	1189	1600 1800	4.86	19.44	1536 3072	43.2	DDR3	192					342.43	Un­known	56	OEM
GeForce GTS 450								790	1580	4000	4.7	18.9	1536	96.0	GDDR5						455.04	Un­known	106
	September 13, 2010 March 15, 2011	GF106-250 GF116-200				4	192:32:16	783	1566	1200-1600 (GDDR3) 3608 (GDDR5)	6.2	25.0	512 1024	57.7		128					601.34	Un­known	106	$129
GeForce GTX 460 SE	November 15, 2010	GF104-225-A1		1950	332	6	288:48:32	650	1300	3400	7.8	31.2	1024	108.8		256					748.8	Un­known	150	$160
GeForce GTX 460	October 11, 2010	GF104				7	336:56:32				9.1	36.4	1024	108.8							873.6	Un­known		OEM
	July 12, 2010	GF104-300-KB-A1					336:56:24	675	1350	3600	9.4	37.8	768	86.4		192					907.2	Unknown		$199
							336:56:32						1024 2048	115.2		256							160	$229
	September 24, 2011	GF114					336:56:24	779	1557	4008	10.9	43.6	1024	96.2		192					1045.6	Un­known		$199
GeForce GTX 465	May 31, 2010	GF100-030-A3		3000[19]	529	11	352:44:32	608	1215	3206	13.3	26.7	1024	102.7		256				1.2	855.36	106.92	200[lower-alpha 4]	$279
GeForce GTX 470	March 26, 2010	GF100-275-A3				14	448:56:40			3348	17.0	34.0	1280	133.9		320					1088.64	136.08	215[lower-alpha 4]	$349
GeForce GTX 480	March 26, 2010	GF100-375-A3				15	480:60:48	701	1401	3696	21.0	42.0	1536	177.4		384					1344.96	168.12	250[lower-alpha 4]	$499
Model	Launch	Code name	Fab (nm)	Transistors (million)	Die size (mm2)	SM count	Core config[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]	Clock rate			Fillrate		Memory configuration				Supported API version				Processing power (GFLOPS)[lower-alpha 3]		TDP (Watts)[lower-alpha 4]	Release Price (USD)
								Core (MHz)	Shader (MHz)	Memory (MHz)	Pixel (GP/s)	Texture (GT/s)	Size (MB)	Bandwidth (GB/s)	DRAM type	Bus width (bit)	Vulkan	Direct3D	OpenGL	OpenCL[lower-alpha 5]	Single precision	Double precision

1. Unified shaders: texture mapping units: render output units
2. Each SM in the GF100 contains 4 texture filtering units for every texture address unit. The complete GF100 die contains 64 texture address units and 256 texture filtering units.^[10] Each SM in the GF104/106/108 architecture contains 8 texture filtering units for every texture address unit but has doubled both addressing and filtering units. The complete GF104 die also contains 64 texture address units and 512 texture filtering units despite the halved SM count, the complete GF106 die contains 32 texture address units and 256 texture filtering units and the complete GF108 die contains 16 texture address units and 128 texture filtering units.^[16]
3. To calculate the processing power see Fermi (microarchitecture)#Performance.
4. Note that while GTX 460's TDP is comparable to that of AMD's HD5000 series, GF100-based cards (GTX 480/470/465) are rated much lower but pull significantly more power, e.g. GTX 480 with 250W TDP consumes More power than an HD 5970 with 297W TDP.^[17]
5. The 400 series is the only non-OEM family from GeForce 9 to 700 series not to include an official dual-GPU system. However, on March 18, 2011, EVGA released the first single-PCB card with dual 460s on board. The card came with 2048 MB of memory at 3600 MHz and 672 shader processors at 1400 MHz and was offered at the MSRP of $429.
6. The GeForce 405 card is a rebranded GeForce 310 which itself is a rebranded GeForce 210.

Gallery

• 
  Palit GeForce GTX460
• 
  NVIDIA GeForce GTX 480 Founders Edition

See also

• GeForce 200 series
• GeForce 500 series
• GeForce 600 series
• GeForce 700 series
• GeForce 800M series
• GeForce 900 series
• Nvidia Quadro
• Nvidia Tesla

Notes

• David Kanter (September 30, 2009). "Inside Fermi: Nvidia's HPC Push". realworldtech.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010.

References

1. Killian, Zak (July 3, 2017). "Nvidia finally lets Fermi GPU owners enjoy DirectX 12". Tech Report. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
2. "OFFICIAL: NVIDIA says GT300 on schedule for Q4 2009, yields are fine - Bright Side Of News*". Brightsideofnews.com. September 25, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
3. Compute Capability Comparison Table in "Page 147-148, Appendix G.1, CUDA 3.1 official reference manual" (PDF). Page 97 in Appendix A lists the older NVIDIA GPUs and shows all G200 series to be compute capability 1.3, while Fermi-based cards have compute capability 2.x (page 14, Section 2.5).
4. NVIDIA Fermi Compute Architecture Whitepaper nvidia.com
5. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "The Misunderstanding - Presented by AMD". YouTube.
6. "AMD Pokes Fun of NVIDIA's Fermi GPU Heat Output in "The Misunderstanding" Video". August 9, 2010.
7. "NVIDIA Fermi GF100 GPUs - Too little, too late, too hot, and too expensive". ZDNet.
8. "GeForce GTX 480: Is it Hot Enough to Fry an Egg?". Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
9. siliconmadness.com (2010). "Nvidia Announces Tesla 20 Series". Archived from the original on May 21, 2010.
10. "The GF100 Recap - Nvidia's GeForce GTX 480 and GTX 470: 6 Months Late, Was It Worth the Wait?". Anandtech.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
11. Smith, Ryan. "NVIDIA's GeForce GTX 460: The $200 King". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
12. "NVIDIA Official Forums". NVIDIA. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
13. "NVIDIA Tesla C2xxx webpage"., note from the description one may infer that on Teslas, ECC may be switched on and off using 1/8 of existing on-board memory, unlike standard ECC memory modules which requires 1/8 extra memory chips (that is, one extra chip to be mounted on the printed circuit board for every 8).
14. "Support Plan for 32-bit and 64-bit Operating Systems | NVIDIA".
15. "Support Plan for Fermi series GeForce GPUs | NVIDIA".
16. "GF104: Nvidia Goes Superscalar - Nvidia's GeForce GTX 460: The $200 King". Anandtech.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
17. "GeForce GTX 480 And 470: From Fermi And GF100 To Actual Cards!". Tomshardware.com. March 27, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
18. "The Khronos Group". May 31, 2022.
19. "Nvidia Fermi Compute Architecture Whitepaper" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 22, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ( 855KB), page 11 of 22

External links

• The Next Generation of Nvidia GeForce
• Fermi architecture
• GTX 400 Overview
• GeForce GTX 480
• GeForce GTX 470
• GeForce GTX 465
• GeForce GTX 460
• GeForce GTS 450
• GeForce GT 440
• GeForce GT 430
• GeForce GTX 485M
• GeForce GTX 480M
• GeForce GTX 470M
• GeForce GTX 460M
• GeForce GT 445M
• GeForce GT 435M
• GeForce GT 425M
• GeForce GT 420M
• GeForce GT 415M
• GeForce 410M
• GeForce 405
• Nvidia Nsight
• techPowerUp! GPU Database